“…The acoustic radiation from the pipes or ducts has been largely investigated for engineering applications (i.e., exhaust systems, musical instruments, and heating‐ventilation and air conditioning), and its theoretical background is described in numerous papers (Caussé et al, 1984; Dalmont et al, 2001; Levine & Schwinger, 1948; Nomura et al, 1960; Norris & Sheng, 1989; Silva et al, 2009; Silva et al, 2012; Smyth & Abel, 2009). The acoustic wave at the open‐end of the duct is reflected back to the source by the impedance contrast and only a small part is transmitted into the atmosphere affecting the external sound radiation (Ando & Koizumi, 1976; Raichel, 2006 ‐ Chapter 7; Tsubakishita et al, 1995).…”