It is increasingly emphasized that these competencies include both children's early numerical abilities (e.g., their ability to count, to compare numerical magnitudes or to decompose numbers) and their numerical dispositions (e.g., their spontaneous inclination to focus on and make sense of the numerical magnitudes in the situation) (Bojorque, Torbeyns, Hannula-Sormunen, Van Nijlen, & Verschaffel, 2017; Mulligan et al., in press). Children's early numerical abilities (Aunio & Niemivirta, 2010;De Smedt et al., 2009;Jordan et al., 2009) as well as their early numerical dispositions ̶ more specifically, their spontaneous focus on numerosities or SFON, defined as children's natural tendency to spontaneously focus attention on the aspect of the exact number of items or incidents when exact numerosity is utilized in action (Hannula-Sormunen et al., 2015;Hannula et al., 2010Hannula et al., , 2007 ̶ were shown to contribute to children's later mathematical performance at school.
Contribution of background and domain-general cognitive characteristicsChildren's early numerical abilities have been shown to be moderated by several domain-general cognitive characteristics and background characteristics. With respect to the domain-general cognitive characteristics, working memory and intelligence have shown to play a central role in the acquisition of early numerical abilities (