Urogenital trauma

Abstract

Purpose: Precise definition of pelvic fracture location may enable prediction of which subjects are at risk for urethral injury and understanding of the pathophysiological mechanism of injury. We determined the specific anterior pelvic injury locations associated with urethral injury. Materials and Methods: We completed a retrospective, nested case-control study of 119 male patients evaluated at a single large level 1 trauma center between January 1, 1997 and July 15, 2003. We performed detailed measurements of the location, displacement and direction of force of each anterior pelvic fracture from computerized tomography and pelvic radiographs. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine associations between specific fracture locations and urethral injury after controlling for age, injury mechanism, injury severity and direction of force. Results: Urethral injury was present in 25 patients and all had anterior pelvic fracture (inclusive of pubic symphysis diastasis). There were no urethral injuries in patients with fractures isolated to the acetabulum. Pelvic fractures that were independently associated with urethral injury from multiple regression analysis included displaced fractures of the inferomedial pubic bone, OR 6.4 (95% CI 1.6 to 24.9), and symphysis pubis diastasis, OR 11.8 (95% CI 4.0 to 34.5). Each millimeter of symphysis pubis diastasis or inferomedial pubic bone fracture displacement was associated with an approximately 10% increased risk of urethral injury. Conclusions: The location and displacement of anterior pelvic fractures in males predict risk of urethral injury and may be valuable in determining when evaluation of the urethra is appropriate.

Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Tropospheric Reactions of Menthol, Borneol, Fenchol, Camphor, and Fenchone with Hydroxyl Radicals (OH) and Chlorine Atoms (Cl)

“…As mentioned in the Introduction, Bradley et al reported a rate coefficient of (1.90 ± 0.05) × 10 −11 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 for the reaction of OH with cyclohexanol at 293 K and 760 Torr total pressure. 31 This value is similar to the values obtained in the present work for the alcoholic terpenes (menthol, borneol, and fenchol).…”

“…reported a cyclohexanone yield of (55.0 ± 0.6)% for the reaction of OH radicals with cyclohexanol 31 which is much higher than the value for reaction with chlorine atoms measured in this work. This difference is probably due to the fact that reactions of Cl atoms with VOCs are much less site specific than the corresponding OH radical reactions.…”

“…A similar mechanism has been proposed for the formation of cyclohexanone from the reaction of cyclohexanol with OH radicals. 31 Cyclohexene and chlorocyclohexane are detected as minor product of the reaction. The source of these compounds is currently unknown, but it is suspected that they are formed heterogeneously.…”

“…18 c Hydroxyl radical average concentration, [OH] = 1.0 × 10 6 radical cm 3 . 59 d From Bradley et al31 The Journal of Physical Chemistry A…”

Gas‐phase chemistry of dihydromyrcenol with ozone and OH radical: Rate constants and products

“…The experimental procedures for determining the dihydromyrcenol + OH reaction kinetics were similar to those described previously [17,18].…”