“…In cases of LUTD, a cystourethrogram can not only assesses the presence of associated vesicoureteral reflux, but also demonstrates the signals of vesical instability (spinning top urethra, serrulated bladder wall, bladder elongation and, in extreme cases, presence of diverticula). In analyzing 193 children with RVU, Barroso et al found sings of vesical instability in the cystourethrogram in 26% of the patients (17). These findings demonstrated that among children that presented symptoms of LUTD, 64% had cystourethrogram.…”