Prospective evaluation of Chondroitin sulfate, Heparan sulfate and Hyaluronic acid in prostate cancer

Abstract

Purpose: The present study evaluates chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparan sulfate (HS) in the urine and hyaluronic acid (HA) in the plasma of patients with prostate cancer before and after treatment compared to a control group. Materials and Methods: Plasma samples were used for HA dosage and urine for quantification of CS and HS from forty-four cancer patients and fourteen controls. Clinical, laboratory and radiological information were correlated with glycosaminoglycan quantification by statistical analysis. Results: Serum HA was significantly increased in cancer patients (39.68 ± 30.00 ng/ mL) compared to control group (15.04 ± 7.11 ng/mL; p=0.004) and was further increased in high-risk prostate cancer patients when compared to lower risk patients (p = 0.0214). Also, surgically treated individuals had a significant decrease in seric levels of heparan sulfate after surgical treatment, 31.05 ± 21.01 μg/mL (before surgery) and 23.14 ± 11.1 μg/mL (after surgery; p=0.029). There was no difference in the urinary CS and HS between prostate cancer patients and control group. Urinary CS in cancer patients was 27.32 ± 25.99 μg/mg creatinine while in the men unaffected by cancer it was 31.37 ± 28.37 μg/mg creatinine (p=0.4768). Urinary HS was 39.58 ± 32.81 μg/ mg creatinine and 35.29 ± 28.11 μg/mg creatinine, respectively, in cancer patients and control group (p=0.6252). Conclusions: Serum HA may be a useful biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer. However, urinary CS and HS did not altered in the present evaluation. Further studies are necessary to confirm these preliminary findings.

Hyaluronic Acid Correlates With Bone Metastasis and Predicts Poor Prognosis in Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients

“…HA/CD44 interactions with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) promote BMP4/7-dependent Id1/ 3 protein expression in melanoma, contributing to reduced survival in melanoma patients (51). Other previous studies reported that HA was a meaningful biomarker for prognosis of various solid tumors (50,(52)(53)(54). In our study, results showed the same trend.…”

Roles of Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans in Cancer Development and Progression

“…High expression levels of HS signaled poor prognosis in patients with gastric carcinoma [ 131 ]. Higher levels of HA were associated with poor survival in patients with breast cancer [ 133 ], acute myeloid leukemia [ 134 ], and prostate cancer [ 132 ]. Elevated serum levels of HA can be a diagnostic biomarker for patients with prostate cancer [ 132 ], upper gastrointestinal cancers [ 136 ], and mesothelioma [ 139 ].…”

“…Higher levels of HA were associated with poor survival in patients with breast cancer [ 133 ], acute myeloid leukemia [ 134 ], and prostate cancer [ 132 ]. Elevated serum levels of HA can be a diagnostic biomarker for patients with prostate cancer [ 132 ], upper gastrointestinal cancers [ 136 ], and mesothelioma [ 139 ]. The diagnosis and prognosis roles of HA in other cancer types are presented in Table 2 .…”

3D bioprinting of multi-cellular tumor microenvironment for prostate cancer metastasis

“…However, the TME contains numerous chemical compositions and different types of cells, which could provide opposite or coupling effects on PCa progression. For example, the overexpression of HA [30] and CAF activation could promote angiogenesis, while the NC1 domains of basement membrane collagens have antiangiogenic functions [31,32]. Additionally, the degradation of long ECM components caused by PCa cytokines could produce shorter fragments with distinct functions that can be pro-or antitumorigenic compared to the full-length ECM component [33].…”