Craniofacial anomalies associated with hypospadias. Description of a hospital based population in South America

Abstract

Introduction:Hypospadias is a congenital abnormality of the penis, in which there is incomplete development of the distal urethra. There are numerous reports showing an increase of prevalence of hypospadias. Association of craniofacial malformations in patients diagnosed with hypospadias is rare. The aim of this study is to describe the association between hypospadias and craniofacial congenital anomalies.Materials and Methods:A retrospective review of the Latin-American collaborative study of congenital malformations (ECLAMC) data was performed between January 1982 and December 2011. We included children diagnosed with associated hypospadias and among them we selected those that were associated with any craniofacial congenital anomaly.Results:Global prevalence was 11.3 per 10.000 newborns. In this population a total of 809 patients with 1117 associated anomalies were identified. On average there were 1.7 anomalies per patient. Facial anomalies were present in 13.2%. The most commonly major facial anomaly associated to hypospadias was cleft lip/palate with 52 cases. We identified that 18% have an association with other anomalies, and found an association between craniofacial anomalies and hypospadias in 0.59 cases/10.000 newborns.Discussion:Hypospadias is the most common congenital anomaly affecting the genitals. Its association with other anomalies is rare. It has been reported that other malformations occur in 29.3% of the cases with hypospadias. The more proximal the meatus, the higher the risk for having another associated anomaly.Conclusion:Associated hypospadias are rare, and it is important to identify the concurrent occurrence of craniofacial anomalies to better treat patients that might need a multidisciplinary approach.

Profile of Congenital Genitourinary Anomalies in the Two Teaching Hospitals in Enugu, Nigeria

“…Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies in males [23]. Other series on congenital anomalies also reported hypospadias as the most common anomaly [24,25]. However, Marshal et al and Braga et al reported undescended testis as the most common genitourinary anomaly [7,26].…”

Study intelligence quotient among sample of children suffering from cleft lip and palate & hypospadias attending pediatric surgery clinic in Al-Hussien Hospital

“…The study by Taye et al, 5 aimed to evaluate risk factors related with congenital anomalies found that the majority (59.9percent) of children was male and incidence of congenital anomalies was none significantly associated with maternal age. Also, Nordenvall et al, 6 reported that parental age was none significantly associated with the incidence of hypospadias.…”

Association Between Extra-Genital Congenital Anomalies and Hypospadias Outcome

“…Whilst the prevalence of extra-genital anomalies in hypospadias has been previously reported to range from 12-46% [Schneuer et al, 2015;Fernandez et al, 2016;Lu et al, 2017], the prevalence rate of 22% reported in this study is similar to that in other large cohort studies where information on associated congenital anomalies was systematically collected [Ahmed et al, 2004;Cox et al, 2014;Nixon et al, 2017]. The pattern of extra-genital anomalies that were encountered in this cohort was also similar to that reported before with a disorder of intrauterine growth manifested as being small for gestational age [Ahmed et al, 2004;Nordenvall et al, 2014;Poyrazoglu et al, 2017].…”