Flowers visited by hummingbirds in an urban Cerrado fragment, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Abstract

Hummingbirds are the main vertebrate pollinators in the Neotropics, but little is known about the interactions between hummingbirds and flowers in areas of Cerrado. This paper aims to describe the interactions between flowering plants (ornithophilous and non-ornithophilous species) and hummingbirds in an urban Cerrado remnant. For this purpose, we investigated which plant species are visited by hummingbirds, which hummingbird species occur in the area, their visiting frequency and behavior, their role as legitimate or illegitimate visitors, as well as the number of agonistic interactions among these visitors. Sampling was conducted throughout 18 months along a track located in an urban fragment of Cerrado vegetation in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. We found 15 species of plants visited by seven species of hummingbirds. The main habit for ornithophilous species was herbaceous, with the predominance of Bromeliaceae; among non-ornithophilous most species were trees from the families Vochysiaceae and Malvaceae. Hylocharis chrysura was the hummingbird that visited the largest number of plant species and also attended the greater number of agonistic events. The high proportion (66.7%) of non-ornithophilous species visited by hummingbirds in the present study was similar to that found in other communities analyzed in Brazil. The fact that ornithophilous species in the area does not offer resources continuously throughout the year should induce hummingbirds to search for alternative resources, and contribute to the high proportion of non-ornithophilous species visited. In general, the floral form was not a barrier to floral visits by hummingbirds, although morphological characteristics of flowers from some plant species may be restrictive. Tabebuia aurea, for example, presents flowers with long corollas, hindering the access to floral resources by the pollinators, what may favor the occurrence of illegitimate visits by hummingbirds. Despite of being a small fragment of Cerrado vegetation, the studied remnant can be considered an important refuge, sheltering a great richness of hummingbird species comparable to several forested areas in Brazil. Resumo: Os beija-flores são os principais vertebrados polinizadores na região Neotropical, mas pouco ainda se conhece sobre as interações entre beija-flores e flores em áreas de Cerrado. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as interações entre espécies de plantas em floração (ornitófilas e não-ornitófilas) e beija-flores, em um fragmento urbano de Cerrado. Para isso, investigamos quais espécies de plantas são visitadas por beija-flores, quais espécies de beija-flores ocorrem na área, seu comportamento e frequência de visitas, sua atuação como visitante legítimo ou ilegítimo, assim como o número de interações agonísticas entre essas aves. Foram realizados 18 meses de amostragem ao longo de uma trilha localizada em um fragmento urbano de Cerrado em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Foram encontradas 15 espécies de plantas visitadas por sete espécies de...

Feeding behavior by hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae) in artificial food patches in an Atlantic Forest remnant in southeastern Brazil

“…Three behavioral strategies can be adopted by hummingbirds when foraging: (A) dominance/territoriality, when an individual defends a territory containing food resources and excludes competitors from the resource (Feisinger 1976, Feisinger and Colwell 1978, Stiles 1978, Cotton 1998, and (B) intruder/ subordinance, when an individual forages in defended patches until it is expelled by the territorial hummingbird (Feisinger and Colwell 1978, Stiles 1978, Barbosa-Filho and Araújo 2013. A third strategy is known as trapline foraging (C), when an individual repeatedly visits a set of plants in routes through different patches, exploiting resources without displaying any territorial behavior (Feisinger and Colwell 1978, Rios et al 2010, Tello-Ramos et al 2015.…”

Insights into the evolutionary dynamics of Neotropical biomes from the phylogeography and paleodistribution modeling of Bromelia balansae

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