Nutritional deficiency in citrus with symptoms of citrus variegated chlorosis disease

Silva-Stenico, Maria Estela; Pacheco, F. T. H.; Pereira-Filho, Edenir Rodrigues; Rodrigues, Jorge L. M.; Souza, A. N.; Etchegaray, Augusto; Gomes, José Elias; Tsai, Siu Mui

doi:10.1590/s1519-69842009000400013

Cited by 19 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…These studies suggest that the mineral content of the host plant could impact the virulence of this bacterium. Additionally, previous studies of limited scope have suggested that X. fastidiosa infection affects the mineral nutrition status of plant hosts in the field [11], [29], [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Bacterial Pathogen Xylella fastidiosa Affects the Leaf Ionome of Plant Hosts during Infection

et al. 2013

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Xylella fastidiosa is a plant pathogenic bacterium that lives inside the host xylem vessels, where it forms biofilm believed to be responsible for disrupting the passage of water and nutrients. Here, Nicotiana tabacum was infected with X. fastidiosa, and the spatial and temporal changes in the whole-leaf ionome (i.e. the mineral and trace element composition) were measured as the host plant transitioned from healthy to diseased physiological status. The elemental composition of leaves was used as an indicator of the physiological changes in the host at a specific time and relative position during plant development. Bacterial infection was found to cause significant increases in concentrations of calcium prior to the appearance of symptoms and decreases in concentrations of phosphorous after symptoms appeared. Field-collected leaves from multiple varieties of grape, blueberry, and pecan plants grown in different locations over a four-year period in the Southeastern US showed the same alterations in Ca and P. This descriptive ionomics approach characterizes the existence of a mineral element-based response to X. fastidiosa using a model system suitable for further manipulation to uncover additional details of the role of mineral elements during plant-pathogen interactions. This is the first report on the dynamics of changes in the ionome of the host plant throughout the process of infection by a pathogen.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Bacterial Pathogen Xylella fastidiosa Affects the Leaf Ionome of Plant Hosts during Infection

et al. 2013

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“…Furthermore, interveinal chlorosis produced by X. fastidiosa infection resembles Fe or Zn deficiency in grape and citrus, respectively (10); however, the effects of X. fastidiosa infection on Zn levels in plant tissues are not well defined. Some authors have reported Zn deficiencies in X. fastidiosa-infected citrus leaves (11), whereas others have reported increased Zn levels in chlorotic areas of infected citrus leaves (9). Moreover, recent studies by our group show that infection with X. fastidiosa does not cause significant changes in the levels of Zn in hosts (7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 63%

“…In addition to changes in water balance, X. fastidiosa infection also alters nutrient uptake in infected plant hosts (6,7). Changes in the levels of Ca, K, P, and other minerals have been found in the leaves of diseased plants compared to control plants (5,(7)(8)(9). Furthermore, interveinal chlorosis produced by X. fastidiosa infection resembles Fe or Zn deficiency in grape and citrus, respectively (10); however, the effects of X. fastidiosa infection on Zn levels in plant tissues are not well defined.…”

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confidence: 99%

Response of Xylella fastidiosa to Zinc: Decreased Culturability, Increased Exopolysaccharide Production, and Formation of Resilient Biofilms under Flow Conditions

Navarrete

Fuente

2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The bacterial plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa produces biofilm that accumulates in the host xylem vessels, affecting disease development in various crops and bacterial acquisition by insect vectors. Biofilms are sensitive to the chemical composition of the environment, and mineral elements being transported in the xylem are of special interest for this pathosystem. Here, X. fastidiosa liquid cultures were supplemented with zinc and compared with nonamended cultures to determine the effects of Zn on growth, biofilm, and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production under batch and flow culture conditions. The results show that Zn reduces growth and biofilm production under both conditions. However, in microfluidic chambers under liquid flow and with constant bacterial supplementation (closer to conditions inside the host), a dramatic increase in biofilm aggregates was seen in the Zn-amended medium. Biofilms formed under these conditions were strongly attached to surfaces and were not removed by medium flow. This phenomenon was correlated with increased EPS production in stationary-phase cells grown under high Zn concentrations. Zn did not cause greater adhesion to surfaces by individual cells. Additionally, viability analyses suggest that X. fastidiosa may be able to enter the viable but nonculturable state in vitro, and Zn can hasten the onset of this state. Together, these findings suggest that Zn can act as a stress factor with pleiotropic effects on X. fastidiosa and indicate that, although Zn could be used as a bactericide treatment, it could trigger the undesired effect of stronger biofilm formation upon reinoculation events.

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“…Symptoms develop faster in young trees, that are also more susceptible to new infections (Garcia et al, 2012) Symptoms can be easily confused with zinc deficiency, as plants show chlorotic spots on the upper surface of leaves, especially in the interveinal area (Beretta et al, 1997). Deficiencies of P and K have been reported in leaves of CVC affected trees, together with high concentrations of Fe, Mn, and Zn (Silva-Stenico et al, 2009). On the leaves, chlorotic lesions appear on the upper side, while on the lower leaf side gummy lesions may appear, due to the production by X. fastidiosa of fastidian gum, an exopolysaccharide that was proposed to be involved in the formation of biofilms that allow the attachment and survival of bacteria inside the xylem vessels (da Silva et al, 2001).…”

Section: Hosts and Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xylella fastidiosa: Host Range and Advance in Molecular Identification Techniques

Baldi

Porta

2017

Front. Plant Sci.

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In the never ending struggle against plant pathogenic bacteria, a major goal is the early identification and classification of infecting microorganisms. Xylella fastidiosa, a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family Xanthmonadaceae, is no exception as this pathogen showed a broad range of vectors and host plants, many of which may carry the pathogen for a long time without showing any symptom. Till the last years, most of the diseases caused by X. fastidiosa have been reported from North and South America, but recently a widespread infection of olive quick decline syndrome caused by this fastidious pathogen appeared in Apulia (south-eastern Italy), and several cases of X. fastidiosa infection have been reported in other European Countries. At least five different subspecies of X. fastidiosa have been reported and classified: fastidiosa, multiplex, pauca, sandyi, and tashke. A sixth subspecies (morus) has been recently proposed. Therefore, it is vital to develop fast and reliable methods that allow the pathogen detection during the very early stages of infection, in order to prevent further spreading of this dangerous bacterium. To this purpose, the classical immunological methods such as ELISA and immunofluorescence are not always sensitive enough. However, PCR-based methods exploiting specific primers for the amplification of target regions of genomic DNA have been developed and are becoming a powerful tool for the detection and identification of many species of bacteria. The aim of this review is to illustrate the application of the most commonly used PCR approaches to X. fastidiosa study, ranging from classical PCR, to several PCR-based detection methods: random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), nested-PCR (N-PCR), immunocapture PCR (IC-PCR), short sequence repeats (SSRs, also called VNTR), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Amplification and sequence analysis of specific targets is also mentioned. The fast progresses achieved during the last years in the DNA-based classification of this pathogen are described and discussed and specific primers designed for the different methods are listed, in order to provide a concise and useful tool to all the researchers working in the field.

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Nutritional deficiency in citrus with symptoms of citrus variegated chlorosis disease

Cited by 19 publications

References 21 publications

The Bacterial Pathogen Xylella fastidiosa Affects the Leaf Ionome of Plant Hosts during Infection

The Bacterial Pathogen Xylella fastidiosa Affects the Leaf Ionome of Plant Hosts during Infection

Response of Xylella fastidiosa to Zinc: Decreased Culturability, Increased Exopolysaccharide Production, and Formation of Resilient Biofilms under Flow Conditions

Xylella fastidiosa: Host Range and Advance in Molecular Identification Techniques

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