“…Morphological abnormalities in copepods and other planktonic crustaceans are usually associated with tumour-like structures (Skovgaard, 2004;Bhandare & Ingole, 2008), sexual characters (Steuer, 1932;Brylinski, 1984;Martinelli-Filho et al, 2009;Long et al, 2010), and skeletal malformations (Pandourski & Evtimova, 2005). Pollution, ecto-and endoparasitism, and even food limitation have often been considered causes for these aberrations (e.g., Bowman, 1963;Behrends et al, 1997;Gusmão & McKinnon, 2009).…”