Rapoport effect in South American Carnivora (Mammalia): null models under geometric and phylogenetic constraints

Diniz‐Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Tôrres, Natália Mundim

doi:10.1590/s1519-69842002000300006

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Null models were first used to test for the Rapoport effect by Lyons and Willig (1997), and then by other authors (Koleff & Gaston, 2001;Diniz-Filho & Tôrres, 2002;Arita et al, 2005;Folgarait et al, 2005;Mora & Robertson, 2005). However, the above authors, except for Mora and Robertson (2005), assumed that the expected distribution considering geometric constraints was the same as in Lyons and Willig (1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the Rapoport effect widespread? Null models revisited

Ribas¹,

Schoereder²

2006

Global Ecol Biogeography

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Aim To test the Rapoport effect using null models and data sets taken from the literature. We propose an improvement on an existing method, testing the Rapoport effect in elevational and latitudinal distributions when distributions are restricted by sampling.Location Global.Methods First, we hypothesized that real range size distributions are similar to those expected by null assumptions (expected by only imposing boundaries to species distributions). When these distributions were different from those expected under the null assumptions, we tested the hypothesis that these distributions correspond to those expected when a Rapoport effect occurs. We used two simulation methods, random and pseudo-random, which differed only in that the latter one assumes fixed species mid-points, coinciding with real mid-points. Observed correlations between range size and mid-point were compared with the frequency distribution of 1000 simulations, using both simulation methods. We compared the correlation curves generated by 1000 simulations with those of the observed distributions, testing whether correlations indicated a Rapoport effect.Results Several significant patterns of correlations between range size and mid-point were observed in the data sets when compared with random and pseudo-random simulations. However, few of these correlations were consistent with a Rapoport effect. Main conclusionsAlthough some recent studies are consistent with a Rapoport effect, our results suggest that the Rapoport effect is not a widespread pattern in global ecology.Several authors have noticed the coincident patterns of Rapoport's rule and the gradient in species richness and have looked for a causal relationship between these patterns, but results are still

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the Rapoport effect widespread? Null models revisited

Ribas¹,

Schoereder²

2006

Global Ecol Biogeography

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“…(1997), Blackburn et al . (1998), Johnson (1998), Ruggiero & Lawton (1998), Harcourt (2000), Diniz‐Filho & Tôrres (2002), Cardillo (2002), Olifiers et al . (2004), Pfenninger (2004) and Cruz et al .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

One‐dimensional analyses of Rapoport's rule reviewed through meta‐analysis

Ruggiero

Werenkraut

2007

Global Ecology and Biogeography

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Aim To analyse quantitatively the extent to which several methodological, geographical and taxonomic variables affect the magnitude of the tendency for the latitudinal ranges of species to increase with latitude (the Rapoport effect). Location Global.Methods A meta-analysis of 49 published studies was used to evaluate the effect of several methodological and biological moderator variables on the magnitude of the pattern. ResultsThe method used to depict the latitudinal variation in range sizes is a strong moderator variable that accounts for differences in the magnitude of the pattern. In contrast, the extent of the study or the use of areal or linear estimations of range sizes does not affect the magnitude of the pattern. The effect of geography is more consistent than the effect of taxonomy in accounting for differences in the magnitude of the pattern. The Rapoport effect is indeed strong in Eurasia and North America. Weaker or non-significant latitudinal trends are found at the global scale, and in Australia, South America and the New World. There are no significant differences in the magnitude of the pattern between different habitats, however, the overall pattern is weaker in oceans than in terrestrial regions of the world. Main conclusionsThe Rapoport effect is indeed strong in continental landmasses of the Northern Hemisphere. The magnitude of the effect is primarily affected by methodological and biogeographical factors. Ecological and spatial scale effects seem to be less important. We suggest that not all methodological approaches may be equally useful for analysing the pattern.

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“…However, we used species instead of elevational bands as sample units in regression analysis, as Fleishman et al. (1998) and Sanders (2002) for elevational data, and Diniz‐Filho & Torres (2002) for latitudinal data. We adopted this approach because some lower bands, and all bands in elevations > 500 m, had few or no species with range midpoints within the elevational interval.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) species distribution along three Neotropical elevational gradients: an alternative rescue effect to explain Rapoport's rule?

Almeida‐Neto

Machado

Pinto‐da‐Rocha

et al. 2006

Journal of Biogeography

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Aim Relationships between elevation and litter-dweller harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) species richness along three elevational gradients in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest were evaluated. Specifically, three candidate explanatory factors for the observed patterns were tested: (1) the mid-domain effect, (2) the Rapoport effect, and (3) the influence of environmental variables on species density and specimen abundance.Location Cuscuzeiro, Corcovado and Capricó rnio mountains, in Ubatuba (23°26¢ S, 45°04¢ W), a coastal municipality in São Paulo state, south-eastern Brazil.Methods We recorded harvestman species and abundance through active sampling using 8 · 8-m plots in both summer and winter. At each plot we measured the temperature, humidity and mean litter depth. Harvestman species richness per elevational band was the sum of all species recorded in each band, plus the species supposed to occur due to the interpolation of the upper and lower elevational records. Differences between observed and expected species richness per elevational band, based on the mid-domain effect, were examined through a Monte Carlo simulation. The Rapoport effect was evaluated using both the midpoint method and a new procedure proposed here, the 'specimen method'. We applied multiple regression analysis to evaluate the contribution of each environmental variable (elevation, temperature, humidity and litter depth) on species density and specimen abundance per plot.Results Harvestman abundance and species richness decreased at higher elevations in the three mountains. The decrease in species richness was not monotonic and showed a plateau of high species richness at lower elevations. The number of harvestman species per elevational band does not fit that predicted by the mid-domain effect based solely on geometric constraints assuming hard boundaries. Species with their midpoints at higher elevations tended to cover broader elevational range sizes. Both the midpoint method and the specimen method detected evidence of the Rapoport effect in the data. At fine spatial scales, temperature and humidity had positive effects on species density and specimen abundance, while mean litter depth had no clear effect. These relationships, however, were not constant between seasons.Main conclusions Our results suggest that harvestman species density declines at higher elevations due to restrictions imposed by temperature and humidity. We found a pattern in species range distribution as predicted by the elevational Rapoport effect. However, the usual rescue effect proposed to explain the Rapoport effect does not apply in our study. Since the majority of harvestman

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Rapoport effect in South American Carnivora (Mammalia): null models under geometric and phylogenetic constraints

Cited by 10 publications

References 22 publications

Is the Rapoport effect widespread? Null models revisited

Is the Rapoport effect widespread? Null models revisited

One‐dimensional analyses of Rapoport's rule reviewed through meta‐analysis

Harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) species distribution along three Neotropical elevational gradients: an alternative rescue effect to explain Rapoport's rule?

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