Control of phlebotomine (Diptera: Psychodidae) leishmaniasis vectors

Abstract

Controle de Flebotomíneos (Diptera: Psychodidae) Vetores de Leishmanioses RESUMO -Os fl ebotomíneos são vetores de importância médica e veterinária, podendo transmitir leishmanioses, bartoneloses e algumas arboviroses. A adaptação de algumas espécies a locais que passaram por modifi cações humanas as aproxima dos domicílios, podendo facilitar a transmissão das doenças, e as estratégias adotadas para seu controle têm sido controvertidas. No tocante às leishmanioses, por exemplo, o que sustenta a utilização do controle vetorial e de reservatórios como estratégias de intervenção é a conjectura de que a incidência de infecção em humanos está diretamente relacionada ao número de cães infectantes e a fatores entomológicos. Dessa forma, o controle do vetor pode então oferecer solução menos onerosa e mais prática, o que conduziria a medidas preventivas efi cazes em um maior número de focos de leishmaniose. Não obstante, na complexidade dos fatores envolvidos, o controle químico continua sendo indispensável e o uso de inseticidas biológicos e plantas inseticidas, por exemplo, representam áreas de estudo a serem incentivadas e desenvolvidas, pois apresentam resultados promissores. A análise em questão representa uma oportunidade de avaliação das medidas até então adotadas, principalmente em relação aos métodos e à efi cácia dos componentes entomológicos dos programas de controle das leishmanioses. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Antropozoonose, Lutzomyia, PhlebotomusABSTRACT -Phlebotomines are of medical and veterinary concern as they vector leishmaniasis, bartonellosis and some arboviruses. The adaptations of some species to places modifi ed by humans bring these vectors into contact with dwellings, which can facilitate disease transmission, and the vector control strategies adopted have rendered controversial results. Regarding leishmaniasis, for instance, which vector and reservoirs control can be effective, there is an assumption that the incidence of human infection is directly related to the number of infectious dogs, as well as to entomological factors. Therefore, vector control can provide a cheaper and more practical solution to prevent cases of leishmaniasis. Nevertheless, due to the complexity of the factors involved, chemical control is still essential, and biological insecticides and insecticide plants, for example, represent areas for study that should be encouraged and developed since they show promising results. This paper summarizes the control strategies adopted so far, especially the methods and effi ciency of the entomological components of leishmaniasis control programs.

Lutzomyia longipalpis abundance in the city of Posadas, northeastern Argentina: variations at different spatial scales

“…The increased density and abundance of vectors, reservoirs and parasites in urban scenarios has contributed to the development of epidemic outbreaks, with VL cycling between urban and suburban settings (Grimaldi et al 1989). VL is now a serious public health problem in America because certain vector species have rapidly adapted to anthropic environments and have settled in peridomestic habitats (Amóra et al 2009). Although many reports have described the establishment of the urban/suburban cycle, the variables that modulate its permanence remain unknown (Cerbino Neto et al 2009, Harhay et al 2011.…”

Adulticide effect of Monticalia greenmaniana (Asteraceae) against Lutzomyia migonei (Diptera: Psychodidae)

“…The results of this paper present a better adulticide activity for M. greenmaniana essential oil in comparison with metanolic and aqueous extracts. There have been just few studies regarding botanical products that have revealed the adulticide effect against sandflies in comparison with mosquitoes (Amóra et al 2009;Pandey et al 2009;Khandagle et al 2011;Pitarokili et al 2011;Prophiro et al 2012). This is probably due to the difficulties of maintenance and availability of sandfly colonies (Yaghoobi-Ershadi et al 2006).…”

“…Therefore, it is necessary to search for alternative control measures against bites from sandflies, vectors of Leishmania, which are less contaminating and dangerous than chemical insecticides. Thus, it is important to evaluate some plants and, in particular, their secondary metabolites, such as natural insecticides against sandflies (Maroli and Khoury 2004;Neuber 2008;Amóra et al 2009;Warburg and Faiman 2011).…”

“…Personal protection with essential oils from plants, used as repellents (Katz et al 2008;Sirak-Wizeman et al 2008;Maciel et al 2010a, b;Maia and Moore 2011), is included. Lemon oil (Citrus medica Linnaeus) offers good results with 70 % protection against bites of Lutzomyia longipalpis Luzt and Neiva; Neem oil at 2 % (Azadirachta indica Jussieupara) for Phlebotomus agertipes Annandale and Brunetti (Sharma and Dhiman 1993;Srinivasan and Kalyanasundaram 2001;Müller et al 2008;Amóra et al 2009), while the essential oil from several species of Eucalyptus L'Her show repellent action against Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli and L. longipalpis (Yaghoobi-Ershadi et al 2006;Maciel et al 2010a, b). The essential oil from Pseudognaphalium caeruleocamum Steyermark (Asteraceae) has been reported with potential as a repellent against L. migonei bites (Nieves et al 2010).…”

Lutzomyia longipalpis behavior and control at an urban visceral leishmaniasis focus in Argentina

“…Unfortunately the effects of insecticides for longer periods than 14 days could not be assessed in this study due to an abrupt change in the weather conditions that reduced the population; both in the intervention and the control group, but the results obtained were consistent with the literature. Therefore, the recommendation about focus interventions by insecticides need further validation in this southern focus, with risk focused outside the house during the first half of the night, with improved active principles, formulations, ways of applications, and strategies that take into account also the environmental and reservoir risk factors 1,3,17 . In this context, FELICIANGELI et al 14 after a controlled trial, proposed lambda-cyalothrin indoor spraying three times per year, with a dose higher than usual.…”