Ontogenetic trajectories and hind tibia geometric morphometrics of Holymenia clavigera (Herbst) and Anisoscelis foliacea marginella (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Coreidae)

Abstract

Neotropical Entomology 34(5): 769-776 (2005) Trajetórias Ontogenéticas e Morfometria Geométrica das Tíbias de Holymenia clavigera (Herbst) eAnisoscelis foliacea marginella (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Coreidae)RESUMO -Holymenia clavigera (Herbst) e Anisoscelis foliacea marginella (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Coreidae: Anisoscelini) são hemípteros pouco estudados e que ocorrem no sul do Brasil. Observações preliminares indicam alta coexistência no uso de suas plantas hospedeiras (passifloráceas). Adicionalmente, há uma acentuada semelhança morfológica dos ovos e ninfas. Objetiva-se caracterizar e comparar as suas trajetórias ontogenéticas através de curvas de crescimento e da alometria ontogenética multivariada, uma vez que a única diferença aparente entre as espécies é uma dilatação da tíbia no terceiro par de pernas de A. foliacea marginella. Por não apresentarem as formas das tíbias distintas visualmente nos primeiro e segundo ínstares, as diferenças entre as espécies foram quantificadas pela função spline de placas finas, com o relaxamento do algoritmo para pontos em contorno. Em todos os ínstares, H. clavigera foi significativamente maior que A foliacea marginella. As trajetórias ontogenéticas dos coreídeos foram estatisticamente diferentes, e as estruturas mensuradas apresentaram coeficientes alométricos significativamente distintos. A forma das tíbias de H. clavigera e A. foliacea marginella não foi estatisticamente diferente no primeiro, mas sim no segundo instar. No terceiro instar, a forma da tíbia desses coreídeos torna-se distinta a olho nu. Ou seja, embora sejam espécies com imaturos quase idênticos morfologicamente, seus padrões de crescimento e tamanho diferem de forma significativa. Assim, o tamanho apresenta-se como parâmetro útil para a diferenciação desses estágios.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Alometria, Anisoscelini, crescimento, estágio imaturo, análise da forma ABSTRACT -Holymenia clavigera (Herbst) and Anisoscelis foliacea marginella (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) are distributed in southern Brazil and belong to the poorly studied tribe Anisoscelini. Preliminary observations indicate an ample coexistence of these species in terms of host-plant use. There is also a strong similarity regarding egg and nymph morphology. We characterized and compared their ontogenetic trajectories by means of growth curves and multivariate ontogenetic allometry, since the only apparent difference between these species is a remarkable growth in the hind tibia of A. foliacea marginella. Because their hind tibia is similar in the early instars, the shape variation of this structure was quantified by the thin plate splines function with the relaxed algorithm for semilandmarks. H. clavigera was significantly larger than A. foliacea marginella in all stages. Their ontogenetic trajectories were significantly different, and the allometric vectors did not present a significant correlation. Hind tibia shape was not statistically different in the first instar, but was different in the second instar.In the third instar, this difference became visua...

Allometric growth of two species of Ephemeroptera from Neotropical mountains streams

“…For the head, all of the morphometric traits, including the mouthparts, exhibit negative allometry, confirming our initial hypothesis. This is a common pattern and has been reported frequently (Klingenberg and Zimmermann, 1992b;Jander and Jander, 1994;Rodrigues et al, 2005). Thus, the head of two studied species followed the pattern of growth of the majority of insects.…”

“…Thus, it was possible to make the following predictions: (a) small modifications in the relative growth rate of several body structures will amplify the morphological differentiation between M. brieni and Thraulodes sp. during growth; (b) the head measurements in both species will exhibit negative allometry, following the pattern observed in many insect species (Klingenberg and Zimmermann, 1992b;Rodrigues et al, 2005); (c) strengthening of the thorax muscles will occur in preparation for the winged stage, which will lead to positive allometry mainly in the mesothorax (Clifford, 1970); (d) the relative elongation of legs, mainly in the femur and tibia lengths (positive allometry), will be observed in both species following the usual pattern for insects (Teuscher et al, 2009); and (e) during growth, the abdomen will exhibit positive allometry in both species as a result of preparation for the reproductive stage (Clifford, 1970).…”

Description of Immature Stages and Life Cycle of the Treehopper,Guayaquila projecta

“…Both kinds of analysis were carried out for G. projecta and the growth factor was very similar between instars in many of the analyzed characteristics such as rostrum length/total length, rostrum length, and head width. Thus, as also seems to be true for many other Hemiptera ( Page 1979 ; Segnini and Montagne 1986 ; Nixon and Thompson 1987 ; Klingenberg and Zimmerman 1992 ; Viscarret and Botto, 1997 ; Rodrigues et al 2005 ; Setamou and Jones 2005 ; Rodriguez and Peck 2007 ), nymphal growth in G. projecta appears to obey Dyar's rule which was originally proposed for Lepidoptera ( Page 1979 ).…”

Advances in insectivore and rodent systematics due to geometric morphometrics

“…The appropriate morphometric software for PCs became available only recently and therefore semi‐landmarks have not yet been widely used (Jamniczky & Russell, 2004; Mitteroecker et al. , 2004; Mitteroecker, Gunz & Bookstein, 2005; Rodrigues et al. , 2005).…”