Efeito do exercício no sistema imune: resposta, adaptação e sinalização celular

Abstract

Introduction: Over the last century, people have become less active, adopting more sedentary habits. This scenario has increased the incidence of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The practice of physical activities can influence healthiness by altering the metabolic state and also the immune system. Objective: To review the literature for studies that address the effects promoted by physical exercise on the development of immune responses and the possible signal transduction pathways. Methods: The SciELO and PubMed data bases were consulted. Results: The available literature shows that during the practice of exercise, various subpopulations of leukocytes are altered in accordance with the intensity and duration of the activity performed. Exercise of moderate intensity stimulates a pro-inflammatory response, while those of high intensity tend to promote antiinflammatory responses that could decrease damage to skeletal muscle. Such alterations are observed in cells that present antigens (such as macrophages and dendritic cells), neutrophils, natural killer cells (NK) and in surface molecules like Toll-like receptors (TLR) and major histocompatibility complex class II, as well as the entire repertoire of cytokines. Conclusion: The current state of knowledge suggests that the alterations in the immune system are dependent on parameters inherent to exercise and that in order to have all these alterations occurring, some cell signaling cascades are activated, giving rise to a complex process of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation that culminates in the activation of transcription factors, translation of mRNA's, protein synthesis and cell proliferation.

Chronic effects of exhausting exercise and overtraining on the immune response: Th1 and Th2 profile

“…The TCD4 + lymphocytes (helper/helper-Th0) can differentiate into various cell subpopulations as Th1 (T helper type 1) and Th2 (T helper type 2), that produce different standards of cytokines (Del Prete, 2008;Romagnani, 1991;Terra, Silva, Salerno, & Dutra, 2012 (Ostrowski, Rohde, Asp, Schjerling, & Pedersen, 1999;Pedersen & Febbraio, 2008;Pedersen & Hoffman-Goetz, 2000;Terra et al, 2012).…”

“…While the moderate intensity exercise promotes a protection against infections caused by intracellular microorganisms, because it directs the immune response to the predominance of a response profile of Th1 type, vigorous activities generate increasing concentrations of antiinflammatory cytokines. This condition promoting the predominance of a Th2 response profile, in order to decrease the muscle tissue damage resulting from inflammation, although this may result in increased susceptibility to infections (Terra et al, 2012).…”

Administration of Tomato Juice or Aqueous Components of Tomato Reduces Fatigue Induced by Acute Treadmill Exercise

“…In addition to locomotor activity, blood TGF-β1 and corticosterone levels were measured as fatigue markers. TGF-β1is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that is up regulated during physical exercise [24] [25], possibly to restrict inflammatory responses to skeletal muscle damage caused by exercise [26]. Moreover, peripheral TGF-β1 levels are higher in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome than in healthy subjects [27] [28].…”

Cardiovascular responses induced by acute video game boxing performance in healthy women

“…Not long ago, the device used for video games was the "joystick", which allowed full control of the game through hand movements only. The Wii (NINTENDOw) consists of a console and a "joystick" called "Wii remote", which captures the body movements that the player makes, functioning as a type of "air mouse" 3 . Figure 1 -Lactate production before and after video game boxing performance.…”