Evaluation of biomass production, carotenoid level and antioxidant capacity produced by Thermus filiformis using fractional factorial design

Abstract

A fractional factorial design 2(5-1) was used to evaluate the effect of temperature, pH, and concentrations of yeast extract, tryptone and Nitsch's trace elements on the biomass, total carotenoids and protection against singlet oxygen by carotenoid extracts of the bacterium Thermus filiformis. In addition, the carotenoid composition was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography connected to a diode array and mass spectrometer detectors (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). The production of biomass ranged from 0.113 to 0.658 g/L, the total carotenoid from 137.6 to 1,517.4 mg/g and the protection against singlet oxygen from 4.3 to 85.1 %. Results of the fractional factorial design showed that temperature had a negative effect on biomass production and a positive effect on carotenoid content and protection against singlet oxygen, besides, high levels of pH value, concentrations of yeast extract and tryptone had a positive effect on biomass production only at lower temperatures. The main carotenoids of T. filiformis were thermozeaxanthins. In the tested conditions, changes in the levels of the variables influenced the biomass, carotenoid production, and protection against singlet oxygen, although they did not influence the carotenoid profile. The results of this study provide a better understanding on the interactions among certain nutritional and cultivation conditions of a thermophile bacterium, Thermus filiformis, on biomass and carotenoid amounts, as well as on the antioxidant capacity

Metabolic response and volatile profile induced by temperature, on Colletotrichum fragariae and Rhizopus stolonifer

“…In the present research, the results with regard to biomass production agree with those reported by Mandelli, Yamashita, Pereira, and Mercadante (), where temperature had negative effects on biomass production in Thermus filiformis , that is, lower temperatures had a positive effect on biomass production. However, they disagree with other finding reported by Villanueva‐Arce et al () on Gibberella zeae .…”

Genome-scale metabolic network reconstruction and in silico flux analysis of the thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus HB27

“…Instead, it embeds complex carotenoid glucoside esters with various branched chain fatty acids, known as thermozeaxanthins and thermobiszeaxanthins, in the lipid bilayers. Such an arrangement offers multiple advantages including the retention of membrane fluidity at high temperatures and reduction of oxygen diffusion through the membrane for preventing oxidation damage [10,35]. Furthermore, T. thermophilus synthesizes several unique polyamines such as thermine, spermine, thermospermine and caldopentamine using a distinct pathway from L-arginine via aminopropyl agmatine [36].…”

“…Cell wall and lipid compositions were obtained from previous publications on Thermus sp. [30,31,35,52]. The overall DNA and RNA composition was assumed to be same as E. coli [14] since no data was available on Thermus sp.…”

The effect of temperature and moderate electric field pre‐treatment on carotenoid extraction from Heterochlorella luteoviridis

“…The extraction was performed using ethyl acetate and methanol under maceration, as described by Mandelli et al . (). This procedure was performed until no colour was observed in the solvent (5–6 times).…”

“…The carotenoid content found for this analysis was considered the total carotenoid content of the sample (mg g À1 ). The extraction was performed using ethyl acetate and methanol under maceration, as described by Mandelli et al (2012). This procedure was performed until no colour was observed in the solvent (5-6 times).…”