Ultrastructural study of the mycelial phase of clinical isolates of Sporothrix schenckii obtained from feline, canine and human cases of sporotrichosis

Madrid, Isabel Martins; Mattei, Antonella Souza; Soares, Mauro Pereira; Nobre, Márcia de Oliveira; Meireles, Mário Carlos Araújo

doi:10.1590/s1517-83822011000300037

Cited by 6 publications

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“…Melanin is a virulence factor that enhances fungal resistance to environmental stressors and immune responses in the host (Eisenman and Casadevall 2012). The natural presence of melanin has been demonstrated in S. schenckii species and it favors the fungal virulence and resistance to antifungal drugs (Morris-Jones et al ., 2003; Madrid et al ., 2011; Almeida-Paes et al ., 2016). Here, increased production of cytoplasmic melanosomes in different phases of formation was observed in conidia of fungi exposed to toluene, especially at the highest concentration.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive stress response induced by toluene increasesSporothrix schenckiivirulence and host immune response

Téllez-Martínez

Batista-Duharte

Silva

et al. 2019

Preprint

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24Environmental factors modify the physiology of microorganisms, allowing their survival in 25 extreme conditions. However, the influence of chemical contaminants on fungal virulence has 26 been little studied. Sporotrichosis is an emergent fungal disease caused by Sporothrix schenckii, 27 a soil-inhabiting fungus that has been found in polluted environments. Here, we evaluated the 28 adaptive stress response of S. schenckii induced by toluene, a key soil contaminant. The effect 29 on fungal virulence and host immune response was also assessed. The fungus survived up to 30 0.10% toluene in liquid medium. Greater production of melanosomes and enhanced activity 31 superoxide dismutase, associated to increased tolerance to H2O2 were observed in toluene-32 exposed fungi. Intraperitoneal infection of mice with S. schenckii treated with either 0, 0.01 or 33 0.1% of toluene, resulted in greater fungal burden at day 7 post-infection in spleen and liver in 34 the groups infected with fungus treated with toluene 0.1%. A higher production of Il-1β, TNF-35 α, IL-10 and nitric oxyde by peritoneal macrophages and IFNɣ, IL-4 and IL-17 by splenocytes 36 was also observed in that group. Our findings showed that morphological and functional 37 changes induced by toluene leads to increased S. schenckii virulence and antifungal host 38 immune response in our model. 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 78 Aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers, 79 collectively known as BTEX, are one of the major contributors to environmental pollution. 80 BTEX are extensively used as solvents in many industrial processes and as base reagents for 81 the production of chemicals products. In addition, BTEX are components of gasoline and 82 aviation fuels. They are often released in the environment during production, transport, use and 83 disposal, causing groundwater, surface water, and soil contamination. Toluene has been found 84 in at least 1,012 of the 1,699 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental 85 Protection Agency (EPA) and it is included in the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease 86 Registry (ATSDR) 2017 substance priority list, which is based on a combination of their 87 frequency, toxicity, and potential for human exposure (Agency for Toxic Substances and 88 Disease Registry. ATSDR's Substance Priority List. 2017).89Prenafreta-Boldu isolated several fungi, including S. schenckii, in biofilters exposed to 90 polluted air or hydrocarbon gas streams. The data from this research showed that volatile 91 hydrocarbon-degrading strains are closely related to a very restricted number of pathogenic 92 fungal species that cause severe mycoses, especially neurological infections, in 93 immunocompetent individuals (Prenafeta-Boldú et al., 2006). 94To date, there have been no studies examining the influence of chemical contaminants 95 on the biology of S. schenckii sensu latu. Given that this fungus inhabits soils and this niche is 96 frequently contaminated with oil and their products, the objective of this...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive stress response induced by toluene increasesSporothrix schenckiivirulence and host immune response

Téllez-Martínez

Batista-Duharte

Silva

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The correct identification of sporotrichosis agents is beneficial for epidemiological surveillance and for promoting effective public health policies. Among the classic laboratory procedures (Table 2) for the sporotrichosis diagnosis, the isolation in culture medium is the gold standard, which must be followed by macro and micromorphological identification, in addition to the in vitro thermoconversion test [45,46,[58][59][60][61][62][63]. The ELISA (Enzyme Linked ImmunonoSorbent Assay) method, used for several years for the diagnosis of sporotrichosis, has been a useful tool for the sporotrichosis serological diagnosis [64][65][66][67], although some of these tests may cross-react with other fungal diseases [66].…”

Section: Sporotrichosis Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Sporotrichosis: A Review of a Neglected Disease in the Last 50 Years in Brazil

2022

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Sporotrichosis is caused by fungi belonging to the genus Sporothrix, which saprophytically are found in plants and organic matter. However, cats are highly susceptible to contamination with fungal spores and, when they become sick, they can transmit it to other animals and to man. The objective of this study is to carry out a systematic review on the emergency, diagnosis, clinical symptoms, therapeutics, and control of zoonotic sporotrichosis. Published data covering the last 50 years using a combination of keywords were selected to answer the question: Why has the zoonotic sporotrichosis been a neglected disease up to now? A total of 135 studies were included in this review. The studies emphasize that in recent decades, Brazil has experienced an unprecedented zoonotic outbreak of sporotrichosis. Advances on the genus Sporothrix allowed one to associate thermotolerance, capacity for melanin synthesis, potential for adhesion to tissue macromolecules, ergosterol peroxide production, and expression of virulence proteins as tools for infection and invasion in S. brasiliensis, the main species involved, although cases with S. schenckii or S. lurei were also reported. Correct diagnosis, early treatment, basic educational measures that emphasize responsible ownership of animals and reproductive control programs for felines can contribute to the control of zoonosis.

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“…Es interesante destacar que la aplicación de Triciclazole redujo la capa externa más electrondensa, sugiriendo esto que la reducción de la síntesis de melanina por el Triciclazole afecta principalmente a esta capa, probablemente porque es la que acumula melanina Wheeler & Stipanovic (1979),Kogej et al (2006). y Butler et al , en las clamidosporas de Thielaviopsis basicola, y en los esclerocios de Botrytis cinerea y Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, aunque estos estudios se realizaron utilizando menores concentraciones del inhibidor (1-30 mg/L).SegúnMadrid et al (2011) el espesor de la pared celular está relacionado con la presencia de melanina. En Cryptococcus neoformans, un hongo donde la melanina presente en pared celular está asociada con un incremento en la virulencia y protección de compuestos antifúngicos, las cepas albinas tienen menor espesor de pared que las cepas pigmentadas…”

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Estudio de las melaninas de <i>Pseudocercospora griseola</i>, agente causante de la mancha angular del poroto y rol biológico

Bárcena¹

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Las melaninas son pigmentos oscuros sintetizados por un amplio espectro de organismos. Estos polímeros, químicamente complejos, cumplen roles de protección ante situaciones de estrés y tienen propiedades de interés debido a que pueden ser de importancia médica, industrial y/o agronómica. Pseudocercospora griseola es el agente causal de la mancha angular, una enfermedad que causa severas pérdidas de rendimiento en los cultivos de poroto (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en el noroeste de la Argentina. Este hongo se caracteriza por desarrollar micelio y esporas pigmentados. De la misma manera que otros patógenos evolucionó en paralelo con su hospedante, diversificándose en dos grupos génicos: "Andino" (P. griseola f. griseola) y "Mesoamericano" (P. griseola f. mesoamericana). En estudios previos se determinó que el tipo de melanina que sintetiza este hongo es 1,8-dihidroxinaftaleno (DHN). El objetivo general de esta tesis fue analizar la capacidad de los aislamientos de Pseudocercospora griseola correspondientes a los grupos génicos Andinos y Mesoamericanos para sintetizar melanina, las características de los pigmentos y el rol biológico que cumplen. Para ello se estudiaron en primer lugar las diferencias en crecimiento y pigmentación de 10 representantes de los dos grupos génicos. A partir de dicho estudio se seleccionaron dos aislamientos, P. griseola f. griseola (S3b) y P. griseola f. mesoamericana (T4), que difieren en crecimiento y pigmentación. Con estos aislamientos se llevaron a cabo experimentos para caracterizar la localización y propiedades de sus melaninas así como la evaluación de dos actividades enzimáticas relacionadas con su síntesis, una involucrada en la reacción inicial y otra vinculada con la polimerización. También se analizó el cultivo de S3b y T4 bajo diferentes condiciones de cultivo, incluyendo la aplicación de tratamientos químicos con fungicidas con diferentes modos de acción y agentes que alteran el estado redox. La melanina de estos hongos se localizaron en la capa externa electrondensa de la pared celular, la que varía en espesor en los dos grupos génicos. Se confirmó que la melanina de P. griseola es del tipo DHN, la que está caracterizada por diferentes grupos químicos, incluyendo grupos fenólicos y por revelar propiedades antioxidantes y quelantes de Fe+2. En P. griseola este pigmento reveló diferencias según el aislamiento analizado. P. griseola sintetiza tanto enzimas PKSs como unas con actividad oxidativa extracelular de tipo lacasa. Los aislamientos S3b y T4, correspondientes a los grupos Andino y Mesoamericano respectivamente, se comportan diferencialmente frente a distintas condiciones ambientales, lo que sugiere la existencia de mecanismos diferentes para enfrentar situaciones ambientales según el grupo génico de procedencia, incluso bajo condiciones de estrés. Estos resultados pueden tener relevancia en el desarrollo de estrategias de control de este hongo patógeno de poroto vinculados con la síntesis de pigmentos oscuros.

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Ultrastructural study of the mycelial phase of clinical isolates of Sporothrix schenckii obtained from feline, canine and human cases of sporotrichosis

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Adaptive stress response induced by toluene increasesSporothrix schenckiivirulence and host immune response

Adaptive stress response induced by toluene increasesSporothrix schenckiivirulence and host immune response

Sporotrichosis: A Review of a Neglected Disease in the Last 50 Years in Brazil

Estudio de las melaninas de <i>Pseudocercospora griseola</i>, agente causante de la mancha angular del poroto y rol biológico

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