Adding value to polystyrene waste by chemically transforming it into sulfonated polystyrene

Andrade, Bruna Torres Negreiros Cordeiro; Bezerra, Augusto César da Silva; Calado, Claudinei Rezende

doi:10.1590/s1517-707620190003.0732

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…6b shows the PCL region in spheres format after UV irradiation. This effect in the morphology may have occurred due to its low melting temperature Tm = 55.8 °C [7], making it sensitive to UV irradiation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Ultraviolet Irradiation on Blend Films of PS/PCL

Segundo

Moraes

Levy

et al. 2021

EJERS

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In this work, an investigation was carried out on the effect of ultraviolet light on different films. Polystyrene (PS), poly (caprolactone) (PCL), and blended films of PS/PCL were produced. Ethyl acetate (AE) was used as a solvent, and PS and PCL solutions were prepared by dissolving 250 mg in 2.5mL of AE under mechanical stirring at room temperature. The blended solutions of PS/PCL (PS:PCL) were prepared with different mass proportions, such as 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, and 60:40 into 2.5 mL of EA. The solutions were dripped with 500 µL on a glass substrate, and the films were produced with mechanical rotation of N=2000 RPM for 15 seconds using a Spin coater. The films were submitted to ultraviolet light for t=60 minutes and morphologically analyzed by optical microscopy, chemically by IR spectroscopy, and superficially by contact angle and wettability; this last analysis also investigated the effect of ultraviolet light at t=0, t=30, and t=60 minutes. The exposure of ultraviolet light on the films affected its morphologies. IR spectra showed that the photodegradation increased for larger PCL amounts into the blend. The contact angle measurements showed that after exposure to ultraviolet light, the hydrophobicity of the films increased. Therefore, the presence of PCL in the polymer mixture promoted the photodegradation of the PS/PCL films, making it attractive for developing new packaging.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Ultraviolet Irradiation on Blend Films of PS/PCL

Segundo

Moraes

Levy

et al. 2021

EJERS

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“…It is commonly used in the production of insulators and packaging materials due to its versatility, as it has a wide range of desired properties such as rigidity, foamability, low cost, high resistance to acid and bases, transparency, brittleness, opaqueness, flexibility, low density and humidity, high brightness, and good electrical properties. It can be stabilized against ultraviolet radiation and can be made in an expanded foamed form, serving as a thermal insulator [34,35].…”

Section: Polystyrene (Ps)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plastic packaging represents the largest application of plastics, totaling 26% of the total volume. In 2015, the International Energy Agency World Energy Outlook estimated that production could quadruple to approximately 318 million tons annually by 2050, which is higher than the entire plastics industry at the time [34]. Several countries, especially European ones, are developing public policies to include the use of biopolymers in packaging; for example, France and Germany signed a Circular Plastic Alliance in which they intend that 90% of domestic packaging will be reusable by 2025.…”

Section: Plastics and The Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of Plastic Waste into Supports for Nanostructured Heterogeneous Catalysts: Application in Environmental Remediation

et al. 2021

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Plastics are ubiquitous in our society and are used in many industries, such as packaging, electronics, the automotive industry, and medical and health sectors, and plastic waste is among the types of waste of higher environmental concern. The increase in the amount of plastic waste produced daily has increased environmental problems, such as pollution by micro-plastics, contamination of the food chain, biodiversity degradation and economic losses. The selective and efficient conversion of plastic waste for applications in environmental remediation, such as by obtaining composites, is a strategy of the scientific community for the recovery of plastic waste. The development of polymeric supports for efficient, sustainable, and low-cost heterogeneous catalysts for the treatment of organic/inorganic contaminants is highly desirable yet still a great challenge; this will be the main focus of this work. Common commercial polymers, like polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene therephthalate, polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride, are addressed herein, as are their main physicochemical properties, such as molecular mass, degree of crystallinity and others. Additionally, we discuss the environmental and health risks of plastic debris and the main recycling technologies as well as their issues and environmental impact. The use of nanomaterials raises concerns about toxicity and reinforces the need to apply supports; this means that the recycling of plastics in this way may tackle two issues. Finally, we dissert about the advances in turning plastic waste into support for nanocatalysts for environmental remediation, mainly metal and metal oxide nanoparticles.

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“…Although there is a correlation between the amount of acid used, which promotes a faster dissolution of the polymer, and the DS, this is not a linear function. For a greater DS, the temperature and duration of the sulfonation reaction may also be controlled [25].…”

Section: Ftirmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocompatible Sulphonated PEEK Spheres: Influence of Processing Conditions on Morphology and Swelling Behavior

et al. 2021

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This work aimed to develop and evaluate the influence of processing variables on the morphology and swelling of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) spheres for possible applications as a biomaterial. We used the drip method to obtain spheres with the polymer starting solutions SPEEK-6 (w/v: 6%) and SPEEK-10 (w/v: 10%), drip rates (20 and 30 mL/h), and drip heights (5 and 10 cm) in experimental planning. The samples were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), optical microscopy (OM), the absorption capacity of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) by swelling (%), and statistical analysis of data through Design of Experiments (DOE). The obtained results evidenced that the processing variables influenced the morphology and swelling. Spheres with a bigger concentration of the polymer solution presented a greater degree of sulfonation (DS). We verified that the diameter of the spheres was directly related to the variable height and the sphericity was associated with the speed and viscosity of the solution. Bigger and more pores in a greater amount were observed in the spheres with a greater DS, influencing the behavior of the swelling in PBS. The better variable combinations with a high DS, regular sphericity, a smaller diameter, and greater swelling were the samples S2-10-20-5 e S10-10-20-5. The cytotoxicity indicated that the best samples obtained in the experimental planning (S2-10-20-5 and S10-10-20-5) were not toxic. In that regard, the evaluated spheres presented cell viability and swelling capacity, suggesting their possible applications as biomaterials.

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Adding value to polystyrene waste by chemically transforming it into sulfonated polystyrene

Cited by 19 publications

References 21 publications

Investigation of the Ultraviolet Irradiation on Blend Films of PS/PCL

Investigation of the Ultraviolet Irradiation on Blend Films of PS/PCL

Conversion of Plastic Waste into Supports for Nanostructured Heterogeneous Catalysts: Application in Environmental Remediation

Biocompatible Sulphonated PEEK Spheres: Influence of Processing Conditions on Morphology and Swelling Behavior

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