Evaluación reológica de fluidos de perforación base agua con nanosílice

Abstract

RESUMENLos fluidos de perforación tienen como función principal remover los recortes de roca generados por el trepano. Son clasificados de acuerdo a sus componentes de base: agua (WBM, water based mud) o aceite (OBM, oil based mud). Entre los aditivos principales encontramos polímeros, densificantes, sales, tensioactivos y lubricantes. La tendencia actual es diseñar WBMs amigables con el ambiente, que puedan competir con los OBMs en términos de baja toxicidad, mínimo daño a la formación productora, eficiencia y bajos costos asociados con la disposición final de los recortes generados y los fluidos. Esto llevó a la incorporación de nuevas formulaciones y materiales tales como los nanométricos.La creciente demanda hidrocarburífera ha llevado al estudio y producción de reservorios no convencionales de tipo shale en Argentina y el mundo. Este tipo de formaciones sedimentarias de estructura laminar, están conformadas por partículas consolidadas del tamaño de las arcillas, poseen nanoporos y baja permeabilidad. Durante la perforación del shale con WBM se debe garantizar la estabilidad de las paredes del pozo controlando la inhibición de las arcillas presentes y el incremento de la presión poral ocasionado por el ingreso de fluido a la formación. Para este último propósito, en este trabajo, se seleccionó nanosílice de 12 nm, la cual obtura los poros del shale que tienen un tamaño promedio de 30 nm. Se busca de esta forma reducir el ingreso de fluido a la formación, la presión poral, la permeabilidad y minimizar la interacción roca-fluido.Se estudió la reología de los WBM diseñados y envejecidos con distintas proporciones de nanopartículas comparando con el comportamiento reológico de un OBM para determinar la concentración óptima de nanosílice que fue de 0,5% p/p. A su vez siguiendo las normas API 13B1-2 y API 13I se realizaron pruebas de control de filtrado e inhibición de los fluidos. Palabras clave: fluidos de perforación base agua, shale argentino, presión poral. ABSTRACTGenerally, drilling fluids may be defined as fluids with a composition that can assist the generation and removal of cuttings from the borehole to the surface. They are classified according to their base as water based mud (WBM), oil based mud (OBM) or gas. Polymers, densifiers, brines, surfactants, among others are the primary components of drilling fluids. Currently the trend is to develop WBMs, which simulate the high performance of OBMs, with benefits such as reduction of environmental impacts and lower costs associated with cuttings and fluids disposal. This challenge introduces high performance materials in the oil industry such as nanomaterials.The increasing demand of hydrocarbons has led the study and production of unconventional resources in Argentina and worldwide like shale and tight reservoirs. Shales are sedimentary rocks composed of clay size particles and organic matter with laminar structure, low permeability and nanopores. In these types of rocks wellbore stability and shale inhibition are key factors while drilling with WBM, so i...

Nanofluid Formulations Based on Two-Dimensional Nanoparticles, Their Performance, and Potential Application as Water-Based Drilling Fluids

“… 28 , 29 , 35 Nanomaterials are classified as zero-dimensional such as nanoparticles, one-dimensional such as nanorods nanostructures, two-dimensional such as flat layer-like nanoparticles, and three-dimensional such as those nanostructures formed by the interaction of two or several nanoparticles. 28 , 30 , 36 Typical nanoparticles used so far in drilling mud formulations include but are not limited to carbonaceous nanostructures (carbon, buckminsterfullerene, carbon nanotubes, and graphene), 37 − 44 copper oxide (CuO), 45 zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), 46 yttrium oxide (Y 2 O 3 ), ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ), silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), 47 alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), bismuth ferrite, 48 nanocellulose, nanoclays, and molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ). 19 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 26 , 49 − 53 The fabrication of high-performance hybrid muds based on the association of two or more of the preceding nanoparticles has also been reported.…”

“…21,23,24,54−56 To date, several complex nanofluids aiming to modulate the wellbore and thermal stability, the drill/bit lubrication, and the reactivity with the clay in the shale reducing the hydrates formation within the fluid circulation system have been developed. Gallardo et al (2018) reported the formulation of WBDFs using silica nanoparticles of 12 nm. They reported that the rheological and filtration properties of such nanofluids were comparable with their oil-based counterparts.…”

“…They also claimed that the addition of silica NPs to their formulation would have potential applications to minimize shale permeability, fluid leaks, and pore pressure, which would improve the wellbore stability. 47 Similarly, Beg et al (2020) recently demonstrated that the addition of TiO 2 nanoparticles of 250 nm to water-based mud formulations dramatically improves their thermal stability and rheological properties. 46 In the same way, a very interesting series of nanofluids was reported by Saffari et al (2018).…”

“…Many attempts have been made to modulate the rheological, filtration, and heat transfer properties of DF formulations using nanoparticles as additives, viscosifiers, LCMs, or density regulators by exploiting nanotechnology. ,,,− The enhancement of their properties due to the inclusion of nanomaterials is attributed to their intrinsic properties at the nanoscale. In fact, nanomaterials formulation must ensure that at least one of their constituents possesses sizes up to 100 nm (1 nm = a billionth of a meter). − At this scale, nanomaterials would exhibit totally different physicochemical properties, including improved electronic properties such as thermal and electrical conductivities, mechanical properties, high specific surface area, magnetism, quantum effects, and antimicrobial activity, among others, if compared with their macroscopic counterpart. ,,,,− Most of the latter characteristic features are often absent in their macroscopic form, and they are closely related to their sizes and morphologies, which can vary from nanoparticles with well-defined geometry (spheres, triangles, squares, rhombuses, and plates), nanorods, nanotubes, nanosheets, etc. ,, Nanomaterials are classified as zero-dimensional such as nanoparticles, one-dimensional such as nanorods nanostructures, two-dimensional such as flat layer-like nanoparticles, and three-dimensional such as those nanostructures formed by the interaction of two or several nanoparticles. ,, Typical nanoparticles used so far in drilling mud formulations include but are not limited to carbonaceous nanostructures (carbon, buckminsterfullerene, carbon nanotubes, and graphene), − copper oxide (CuO), zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), yttrium oxide (Y 2 O 3 ), ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ), silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), bismuth ferrite, nanocellulose, nanoclays, and molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ). ,,,,,− The fabrication of high-performance hybrid muds based on the association of two or more of the preceding nanoparticles has also been reported. ,…”

“…They reported that the rheological and filtration properties of such nanofluids were comparable with their oil-based counterparts. They also claimed that the addition of silica NPs to their formulation would have potential applications to minimize shale permeability, fluid leaks, and pore pressure, which would improve the wellbore stability . Similarly, Beg et al (2020) recently demonstrated that the addition of TiO 2 nanoparticles of 250 nm to water-based mud formulations dramatically improves their thermal stability and rheological properties .…”