Exposure of pampas fox (Pseudalopex gymnocercus) and crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) from the Southern region of Brazil to Canine distemper virus (CDV), Canine parvovirus (CPV) and Canine coronavirus (CCoV)

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Epidemiological features and the neuropathological manifestations of canine distemper virus-induced infections in Brazil: a review

“…Since that initial report, there have not been documented descriptions of CDV-induced disease in Brazilian wildlife until the recent studies affecting members of the Canidae and Felidae families (MEGID et al, 2009;HÜBNER et al, 2010). Members including the crab-eating, Cerdocyon thous (MEGID et al, 2009;HÜBNER et al, 2010), hoary, Lycalopex vetulus (MEGID et al, 2010), and the pampas fox, Pseudalopex gymnocercus (HÜBNER et al, 2010), as well as the jaguar, Panthera leo,and the puma, Puma concolor (NAVA et al, 2008) have been reported as infected by CDV. However, seroepidemiological surveys realized in the region of the Serra do Cipó National Park, MG (CURI et al, 2010) Phylogenetic tree demonstrating the relationship of strains of canine distemper virus based on the N protein gene.…”

“…In most cases, where wildlife species have been infected by CDV in Brazil (NAVA et al, 2008;MEGID et al, 2009;HÜBNER et al, 2010), the spill-over effect due to spontaneous contact between infected dogs and susceptible animals has been incriminated as the cause of viral dissemination. The spill-over effect is characterized as the transmission of infectious agents from reservoir animal populations (more frequently domesticated species) to sympatric wildlife species (i.e., animals occupying the same or overlapping geographic areas without interbreeding) frequently results in emerging infectious diseases (EID) which can be fatal to the new host and threaten endangered species (DASZAK; CUNNINGHAM; HYATT, 2000).…”

“…However, in Brazil, CD is still the principal cause of mortality of dogs in some urban populations (HEADLEY;GRAÇA, 2000;FIGHERA et al, 2008) and there are increasing descriptions of infections occurring in non-conventional hosts (MEGID et al, 2009;HÜBNER et al, 2010), which might, if continues, cause the loss of endangered wildlife species. Dogs and non-canine hosts can produce clinical manifestations that result with life threatening disease affecting the respiratory, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and/or nervous system.…”

Adenoviruses of canine and human origins in stool samples from free-living pampas foxes (<italic>Lycalopex gymnocercus</italic>) and crab-eating foxes (<italic>Cerdocyon thous</italic>) in São Francisco de Paula, Rio dos Sinos basin

“…These carnivores are considered opportunistic and generalist, thus benefitting in part from some anthropogenic changes, such as the extra supply of food generated by the accumulation of wastes or even by plantations and livestock (Faria-Corrêa, 2004). These behavioural characteristics, associated with the fragmentation and loss of habitats, can be considered as the most significant negative factors for the conservation of wild carnivores, and may thus facilitate the meeting of these animals with individuals of Canis familiaris, thereby increasing the possibility spill-over of new microorganisms from these species to wild animals (Alexander et al, 2010;Courtenay et al, 2001;Daszak et al, 2001;Hübner et al, 2010;Mattos et al, 2008).…”

“…Although some studies have been conducted on captive animals (Batista et al, 2005), there are few reports on clinical or sub-clinical viral infections in free-ranging wild carnivores from South America (Giannitti et al, 2012;Hübner et al, 2010). Data on the mortality of neotropical wildlife and their possible causes are still poorly assessed, possibly because of the difficulty in conducting longitudinal studies, considering the high cost and time needed for such purpose (Curi et al, 2010;Deem e Emmons, 2005).…”