Cysteine proteinases and cystatins

Abstract

This review describeds the definition, localization, functions and examples of cysteine proteinases and their protein inhibitors in vertebrate, non-vertebrate animals and plants. These inhibitors are related with defense mechanisms of plant against pests. It also describes the factors involved in the specific cysteine proteinase-cystatin interaction and high degree of affinity and large specificity in this interaction which are not only represented by the compatibility between amino acid residues of the active site involved in catalysis, but also of all amino acid residues that participante in the enzyme-inhibitor interaction.<br>Nesta revisão foram descritas definições, localizações, funções e exemplos de proteinases cisteínicas e suas proteinas inibidoras em animais vertebrados e invertebrados e plantas. Tratamos principalmente com aqueles inibidores que são relatados com o mecanismo de defesa da planta contra pestes. Em adição, comentamos sobre recentes trabalhos que contribuíram para uma melhor compreenção dos fatores envolvidos na interação específica proteinase cisteínica-cistatina. Por outro lado, chamamos atenção para o alto grau de afinidade e grande especificidade na interação que não são apenas representadas pela compatibilidade entre os residuos de aminoácidos do sítio ativo envolvidos na catalise, mas também de todos os resíduos de aminoácidos que participam da interação enzima-inibidor

Phylogenetic analysis of the microbial mat in the hot spring Garga (Baikal rift zone) and the diversity of natural peptidases

“…Оптимальные значения рН для металлопептидаз также находятся в диапазоне 7-9. Известны металлопептидазы, обладающие свойствами термостабильности (Oliveira et al, 2003).…”

“…Возможно, это связано с тем, что цистеиновые пептидазы эффективны при нейтральных значениях рН; реже зона оптимума лежит в слабокислой или слабоще-лочной среде (pH 4-9) в зависимости от природы гидро-лизуемого белка (Oliveira et al, 2003). У изученного нами микробного сообщества диапазон развития находится в высокотемпературной зоне и щелочной области рН.…”

Partial purification of trypsin/papain inhibitors from Hymenaea courbaril L. seeds and antibacterial effect of protein fractions

“…These proteins are abundant in plants and are classified as serine, cysteine, aspartic or metallo-protease inhibitors, according to the class of proteases that they inhibit. Of these, the serine protease inhibitor (serpins) and cysteine protease inhibitors (cystatins) are the most widely studied (Oliveira et al 2003, Oliveira et al 2007, Volpicella et al 2011, Fluhr et al 2012, Chevreuil et al 2014. Some protease inhibitors are called bifunctional because they inhibit more than one mechanistic class of proteases (Migliolo et al 2010).…”

Characterization of Bromelain from <i>Morinda citrifolia</i> (Noni)

“…These enzymes also differ in their susceptibility to inactivation. Ananain is reported to be rapidly inactivated by the chicken egg white proteinase inhibitor cystatin and by the suicide substrate, E-64 [Trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido(4-guanidino)butane], but these inhibitors either very slowly or only minimally inactivate stem and fruit bromelain [15,23].…”