A Mathematical Model for the Removal of Organic Mater in Stabilization Ponds

Medri, Waldir; Medri, Vandir

doi:10.1590/s1516-89132002000100014

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 4 publications

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“…Liquid phase gas, was also included which can be very important (see later). Medri and Medri (2002) used a conversion efficiency, based on observed first order coefficients (at steady state) for comparative cost analysis of anaerobic stabilisation pond systems. A two-stage anaerobic pond system was recommended over a facultative pond system.…”

Section: Steady State 1st Order and Constant Conversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical Modelling of Anaerobic Reactors Treating Domestic Wastewater: Rational Criteria for Model Use

Batstone

2006

Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol

120

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Anaerobic digestion modelling is an established method for assessing anaerobic wastewater treatment for design, systems analysis, operational analysis, and control. Anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater is a relatively new, but rapidly maturing technology, especially in developing countries, where the combination of low cost, and moderate-good performance are particularly attractive. The key emerging technology is high-rate anaerobic treatment, particularly UASB reactors. Systems modelling can potentially offer a number of advantages to this field, and the key motivations for modelling have been identified as operational analysis, technology development, and model-based design. Design is particularly important, as it determines capital cost, a key motivation for implementers. Published modelling studies for anaerobic domestic sewage treatment are limited in number, but well directed at specific issues. Most have a low structural complexity, with first order kinetics, as compared to the more commonly used Monod kinetics. This review addresses the use of anaerobic models in general, application of models to domestic sewage systems, and evaluates future requirements for models that need to address the key motivations of operational analysis, technology development, and model-based design. For operational analysis and technology development, a complex model such as the ADM1 is recommended, with further extensions as required to address factors such as sulphate reduction. For design, the critical issues are hydraulics and particles (i.e., biomass and solid substrate) modelling. Therefore, the kinetic structure should be relatively simple (at least two-step), but the hydraulic and particulate model should be relatively complex.

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Section: Steady State 1st Order and Constant Conversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical Modelling of Anaerobic Reactors Treating Domestic Wastewater: Rational Criteria for Model Use

Batstone

2006

Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol

120

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In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of [¹⁸F]F-GAZ, a Novel Oxygen-Mimetic Azomycin-Glucose Conjugate, for Imaging Hypoxic Tumor

Wuest

Kumar

Wang

et al. 2012

Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals

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Several F-18-labeled 2-nitroimidazole (azomycin) derivatives have been proposed for imaging hypoxia using positron emission tomography (PET). Their cell penetration is based on passive diffusion, which limits their intracellular concentration maxima. The purpose of this study was to investigate the uptake of N-(2-[(18)F]fluoro-3-(6-O-glucosyl)propyl-azomycin ([(18)F]F-GAZ), a new azomycin-glucose conjugate, in vitro and in vivo. [(18)F]F-GAZ was synthesized from its tetraacetyl nosylate precursor by nucleophilic radiofluorination. [(18)F]F-GAZ was evaluated in vivo in EMT-6 tumor-bearing Balb/C mice utilizing the PET and biodistribution analysis. In vitro uptake of [(18)F]FDG by EMT-6 cells was measured in the presence of unlabeled F-GAZ, 2-FDG, and D-glucose. [(18)F]F-GAZ was rapidly cleared from all tissues, including the blood pool and kidneys, with ultimate accumulation in the urinary bladder. Uptake of tracer doses of [(18)F]F-GAZ into EMT-6 tumors was fast, reaching a standardized uptake value of 0.66±0.05 within 5-6 minutes postinjection (p.i.), and decreased to 0.24±0.04 by 60 minutes p.i. (n=6). A tumor-muscle ratio of 1.87±0.18 was observed after 60 minutes. Total uptake of [(18)F]F-GAZ in tumors (60 minutes) amounted to 1.25%±0.15% ID/g versus 0.61%±0.14% ID/g (n=4) in muscle. Similar biodistribution and excretion were observed using carrier-added (100 mg/kg) doses of F-GAZ. In vitro, D-glucose and unlabeled 2-FDG were two orders of magnitude more potent than F-GAZ as competitive inhibitors of [(18)F]FDG uptake into EMT-6 cells. Besides its interaction with glucose transporters, F-GAZ seems to be not transported in the presence of glucose. Furthermore, [(18)F]F-GAZ is unlikely to be effective as a hypoxia imaging agent. The low in vivo toxicity and substantial retention in tumor observed at high doses of F-GAZ do provide rationale for further testing as a radiosensitizer for external beam radiation therapy of radioresistant, hypoxic tumors.

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A Mathematical Model for the Removal of Organic Mater in Stabilization Ponds

Abstract: ABSTRACT

Cited by 2 publications

References 4 publications

Mathematical Modelling of Anaerobic Reactors Treating Domestic Wastewater: Rational Criteria for Model Use

Mathematical Modelling of Anaerobic Reactors Treating Domestic Wastewater: Rational Criteria for Model Use

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of [¹⁸F]F-GAZ, a Novel Oxygen-Mimetic Azomycin-Glucose Conjugate, for Imaging Hypoxic Tumor

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A Mathematical Model for the Removal of Organic Mater in Stabilization Ponds

Abstract: ABSTRACT

Cited by 2 publications

References 4 publications

Mathematical Modelling of Anaerobic Reactors Treating Domestic Wastewater: Rational Criteria for Model Use

Mathematical Modelling of Anaerobic Reactors Treating Domestic Wastewater: Rational Criteria for Model Use

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of [18F]F-GAZ, a Novel Oxygen-Mimetic Azomycin-Glucose Conjugate, for Imaging Hypoxic Tumor

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In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of [¹⁸F]F-GAZ, a Novel Oxygen-Mimetic Azomycin-Glucose Conjugate, for Imaging Hypoxic Tumor