Serum levels of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: differences in pro- and anti-inflammatory balance

Kunz, Maurício; Ceresér, Keila Maria Mendes; Goi, Pedro Domingues; Fries, Gabriel R.; Teixeira, Antônio Lúcio; Fernandes, Brisa S.; Belmonte-de-Abreu, Paulo Silva; Kauer-Sant’Anna, Márcia; Kapczinski, Flávio; Gama, Clarissa Severino

doi:10.1590/s1516-44462011000300010

Cited by 105 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The medical conditions per se cannot explain the whole proinflammatory state in BD patients, as differences in relation to controls persist even when controlling for confounding factors. Recently we demonstrated that overweight BD patients had increased proinflammatory profile when compared with overweight controls, corroborating this assumption [62]. …”

Section: Cytokines and Their Relationship With Neuroprogression Ansupporting

confidence: 67%

“…Regardless the mood state, BD patients did not differ from subjects with schizophrenia on peripheral levels sTNFR1, IL1ra, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 [62–65] or from major depression patients when assessing TNF- α , IL-6, and IL-12 [64, 66–68]. One study found that BD patients during a mood episode (mania or depression) had decreased IL-1 β levels in comparison with major depression patients [69].…”

Section: Evidence Of Altered Cytokines In Bipolar Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cytokines in Bipolar Disorder: Paving the Way for Neuroprogression

Bauer²,

et al. 2014

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Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe, chronic, and recurrent psychiatric illness. It has been associated with high prevalence of medical comorbidities and cognitive impairment. Its neurobiology is not completely understood, but recent evidence has shown a wide range of immune changes. Cytokines are proteins involved in the regulation and the orchestration of the immune response. We performed a review on the involvement of cytokines in BD. We also discuss the cytokines involvement in the neuroprogression of BD. It has been demonstrated that increased expression of cytokines in the central nervous system in postmortem studies is in line with the elevated circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines in BD patients. The proinflammatory profile and the immune imbalance in BD might be regarded as potential targets to the development of new therapeutic strategies.

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Section: Cytokines and Their Relationship With Neuroprogression Ansupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Evidence Of Altered Cytokines In Bipolar Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokines in Bipolar Disorder: Paving the Way for Neuroprogression

Bauer²,

et al. 2014

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“…It is recognized that hypomanic symptoms in early adulthood are associated generally with an increased risk of Axis I disorders, and specifically with developing bipolar disorder (Zimmermann et al 2009;Päären et al 2014). The result is particularly interesting as it suggests an association of subtle changes in cytokine levels in early life with hypomanic symptoms assessed in adulthood, where previous research has found immune activation returns to normal between affective episodes in bipolar disorder (Kunz et al 2011;Stertz et al 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…However, to our knowledge there have been no previous studies showing temporal associations between inflammatory markers, atopic conditions and features of hypomania. Indeed it may be that this association is less likely than a longitudinal association with psychotic experiences as, whilst it has been found that chronic immune activation occurs in schizophrenia, previous research has suggested that bipolar disorder is an episode-related inflammatory syndrome, with normal cytokine function between affective episodes (Kunz et al 2011;Stertz et al 2013). Hypomanic symptoms in early adulthood are a risk factor for developing bipolar disorder (Zimmermann et al 2009), but are also associated with increased future risk of non-affective Axis I disorders, personality disorders, mental health service use and psychotropic drug prescribing (Päären et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and atopic disorders as risk factors for hypomanic symptoms in young adulthood: a longitudinal birth cohort study

Hayes¹,

Khandaker²,

Anderson³

et al. 2017

Psychol. Med.

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Background. There are no existing longitudinal studies of inflammatory markers and atopic disorders in childhood and risk of hypomanic symptoms in adulthood. This study examined if childhood: (1) serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP); and (2) asthma and/or eczema are associated with features of hypomania in young adulthood.Method. Participants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a prospective general population UK birth cohort, had non-fasting blood samples for IL-6 and CRP measurement at the age of 9 years (n = 4645), and parents answered a question about doctor-diagnosed atopic illness before the age of 10 years (n = 7809). These participants completed the Hypomania Checklist at age 22 years (n = 3361).Results. After adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, socio-economic status, past psychological and behavioural problems, body mass index and maternal postnatal depression, participants in the top third of IL-6 values at 9 years, compared with the bottom third, had an increased risk of hypomanic symptoms by age 22 years [adjusted odds ratio 1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10-2.85, p < 0.001]. Higher IL-6 levels in childhood were associated with adult hypomania features in a dose-response fashion. After further adjustment for depression at the age of 18 years this association remained (adjusted odds ratio 1.70, 95% CI 1.03-2.81, p = 0.038). There was no evidence of an association of hypomanic symptoms with CRP levels, asthma or eczema in childhood.Conclusions. Higher levels of systemic inflammatory marker IL-6 in childhood were associated with hypomanic symptoms in young adulthood, suggesting that inflammation may play a role in the pathophysiology of mania. Inflammatory pathways may be suitable targets for the prevention and intervention for bipolar disorder.

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“…Recent attempts to unravel the underlying pathogenesis involve the immune system. Various reports on an imbalanced cytokine profile and mild chronic inflammation (2), to an increased occurrence of auto-immune disease and infection (3), and lately the higher activation status of monocytes, macrophages and microglia (4) (5) (6), support the hypothesis for an essential role of the immune system in mood disorder development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%