As bases neuroanatômicas do comportamento: histórico e contribuições recentes

Abstract

Considering the most recent contributions, the limbic cortical areas, originally known as the greater limbic lobe, besides the cingulated and the parahippocampal gyri also includes the insula and the posterior orbital cortex. In contrast to the nonlimbic cortical areas that project to the basal ganglia (particularly over the dorsal aspects of the striatum, constituted by the caudate nucleus and by the putamen), the limbic cortical areas are characterized by projecting to the hypothalamus and also to the ventral striatum (particularly to the nucleus accumbens). Once all the striatum projects to the globus pallidus which projects to the thalamus and then to the cortex, generating cortical-subcortical reentrant circuits, while the dorsal striatum and pallidum related cortico-subcortical loops are involved with motor activities, the ventral cortical-striatal-pallidal system is particularly related with behavior functions. The extended amygdala (central medial amygdala, stria terminalis or dorsal component, ventral component, and bed nucleus of stria terminalis) receives inputs primarily from the limbic cortical areas, is particularly modulated by the prefrontal cortex, and receives also direct connections from the thalamus that enables the amygdala to generate nonspecific and quick responses through its projections to the hypothalamus and to the brainstem. The ventral striatal-pallidal and the extended amygdala are then two basal forebrain macro-anatomical systems, that together with the basal nucleus of Meynert and with the septal-diagonal band system, constitute the main structures that are particularly connected with the limbic cortical areas, and that altogether project to the hypothalamus and to the brainstem which give rise to the autonomic, endocrine and somatosensory components of the emotional experiences, and that regulate the basic activities of drinking, eating, and related to the sexual behavior.

Dandy Walker Variant and Bipolar I Disorder with Graphomania

“…In some resent studies it is also considered to be involved in modulation of mood,2 cognition and psychiatric disorders 3. From this aspect it is clear to understand that the cerebellum has a regulatory function on enhancing and suplementing other brain functions throughout direct and indirect circuits 4,5,6. According to different sources of evidence, the cerebellum may be altered in many psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, unipolar depression, anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 5,7…”

The Hypothalamic–Pituitary Axis and Autoantibody Related Disorders

“…In fact, the hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland (or hypophysis), which in turn, by releasing different kinds of hormones, influences the majority of the endocrine glands in the body—such as thyroid, adrenal, and gonads—as well as regulates growth, milk production, and water balance. In addition to the control of the pituitary functions, the hypothalamus also has a number of connections with the limbic lobe as well as certain areas of the extrapyramidal motor system [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Three lobes compose the pituitary gland: anterior, intermediate, and posterior.…”