Structural and microstructural characterization of tin(II) oxide useful as anode material in lithium rechargeable batteries obtained from a different synthesis route at room temperature

Abstract

Tin (II) oxide has been proposed as potential anode material in lithium rechargeable batteries. Different methods to obtain such compound have been developed with relative difficulty due to the fact that Sn(II) is easily oxidized to Sn(IV). We have applied a different methodology to synthesize SnO-romarchite by modifying the solvent nature of the controlled precipitation route using acetic acid and not water. Although the formation of Sn(IV) oxide could not be completely avoided, X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the synthesis of metastable tin(II) oxide as major phase at room temperature. In depth analysis using Popa's model for Rietveld refinement allows to precise that the material corresponds to small and distorted crystallites, very anisotropic in size. SEM technique confirmed the microstructure is build of flower-like agglomerates of ~15 μm, in turn made of plate-like individual grains that remind the crystallite structure anisotropy.

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

“…The analysis was carried out to obtain the crystallite size and lattice parameters. For that, a pseudo-Voigt peak-shape profile was used in which an iterative least-square procedure was adopted through the minimization of the residual parameters [ 13 ]. X-ray diffraction data ( Fig.…”

One Precursor, Two Different Outcomes: SnO-Graphite Composite and Anion-Doped SnO2 with Ester Surface Functionality

“…Sn as a dopant and surface coating in lithium-rich manganese oxide-based cathode materials is highly beneficial for structural stabilization, cyclic stability, and decreased voltage fade. − Susceptibility of Sn 2+ to disproportionation or oxidation to Sn 4+ poses a greater challenge to adopting a synthetic solution route to make SnO. Researchers have overcome these challenges by adopting a controlled conversion of the Sn 6 O 4 (OH) 4 precursor to SnO by applying microwaves, ultrasonic waves, or under hydrothermal conditions. ,− To demonstrate SnO or SnO 2 as an anode material in lithium-ion battery applications, composites of these oxides with graphite have been fabricated in an ex-situ fashion.…”