Microstructural characterization of ceramic floor tiles with the incorporation of wastes from ceramic tile industries

Abstract

Ceramic floor tiles are widely used in buildings. In places where people are bare feet, the thermal sensation of cold or hot depends on the environmental conditions and material properties including its microstructure and crustiness surface. The introduction of the crustiness surface on the ceramic floor tiles interfere in the contact temperature and also it can be an strategy to obtain ceramic tiles more comfortable. In this work, porous ceramic tiles were obtained by pressing an industrial atomized ceramic powder incorporated with refractory raw material (residue from porcelainized stoneware tile polishing) and changing firing temperature. Raw materials and obtained compacted samples were evaluated by chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Thermal (thermal conductivity and effusivity) and physical (porosity) measurements were also evaluated.

Recent advances in green processing technologies for valorisation of eggshell waste for sustainable construction materials

“…On the flip side, several studies which report the integration of ESP in clay bricks have been summarized in Table 5 . The addition of ESP has greatly improved the physical-mechanical properties of the clay bricks [ 53 , 59 , 113 ]. Despite the fact that, ESP has a low density, upon its addition to clay, the density of the clay was improved in both adobe, laterite and fired clay bricks.…”

“…The improvement in physical-mechanical properties of clay bricks was attributed to the flux and filler effect of ESP which enhance vitrification and densification and the anorthite phase (CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 ) during a sintering process [ 53 ]. However, the sintering temperature of 1000 °C for a duration of 5 h has been described as the best firing parameters to enhance the physical-mechanical properties of the fired clay bricks [ 53 , 113 ].…”

“… Reference brick Other material ESP variation(%) Optimum ESP(%) Water absorption(%) density(g/cm 3 ) Hardness (HV) Max. Compressive strength(MPa) [ 59 ] Fired Granite and clay 5.10 and 15 10 12.2 1.76 3.12 [ 53 ] Fired - 5,10 and 15 15 11.1 2.1 4.8 [ 113 ] Fired clay - 5, 10, 15 and 20 20 14.36 1.75 8.79 8.28 [ 131 ] Fired clay 10, 14 and 20 10 <25 - 14.38 [ 51 ] Fired clay 5, 10, 15 and 20 20 14.36 1.75 8.79 8.28 …”

Development ceramic floor tiles with increased shear and pressure strengths

“…The ceramic floor tiles are widely used as building materials both for interior architectural purposes in the living and public buildings and for hygiene purposes in the dairy, meat, food and other industries [1][2]. Because of this circumstance there are several research works which are studying, analyzing and describing the physical, chemical, thermal, acoustic and morphological properties both of the used raw materials and the sintered glazed or unglazed floor tiles [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Generally the production lines of wall and floor tiles industry are used fast drying and sintering technology with roller furnaces of less than 50 minutes cold to cold firing cycle.…”

Investigation of shear stress behaviour of compacted Kaolin clay mixed with salt solution

“…Previous studies suggest that the shear stress performance (shear strength) of the soil can be altered by changing the micro-structure of the soil, where several methods, including soil consolidation, soil shrinkage, and soil compaction, can be utilised as promotion approaches (see in Figure 3) [6]. [7] To identify the associated effects in these methods comprehensively, the shear strength investigations towards kaolin clay are required to be conducted respectively. Consequently, the results of the above investigation and the comparison among them are able to present a comprehensive vision and a legitimate improvement strategy.…”