Development of graphite-polymer composites as electrode materials

Abstract

Graphite powder was mixed to polyurethane, silicon rubber and Araldite® (epoxy) in order to prepare composite materials to be used in the preparation of electrodes. Results showed that voltammetric response could be obtained when at least 50% of graphite (w.w-1) is present in the material. SEM and thermogravimetry were also used in the characterization of the composites

Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline/graphite composites and study of their electrical and electrochemical properties

“…This was possibly because of the adsorption of aniline hydrochloride on the surface of the graphite particles and subsequent polymerization. The PA/G composites showed a higher current, probably because of the rougher surface, as demonstrated by the SEM micrograph of the composites 37…”

Determination of atenolol in environmental water samples and pharmaceutical formulations at a graphite-epoxy composite electrode

“…It was observed that at strongly basic media (pH 4 11) the graphite-Araldite Õ composite presented limitations in potentials higher than þ900 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) [13]. The electrochemical mechanism of atenolol oxidation still is not completely understood.…”

“…Araldite Õ , a commercial epoxy adhesive, was used as agglutinant and the development of this sensor has previously been described [13,14].…”

Prospects for Neuroprosthetics: Flexible Microelectrode Arrays with Polymer Conductors

“…While graphite and, in particular, carbon black are usually not categorized as polymers, they share some of their properties with respect to their extended carbon backbone. For their high electrical conductivity, biological inertness, low price and easy handling, they are excellent filler materials for creating flexible, voluminous conductor tracks or coatings with silicones or polyurethanes as the matrix (Calixto et al, 2007;Huang et al, 2011). As with any conductive filler (e.g., antimony-or indium-doped tin oxide, silver (Ahn et al, 2009;Gong & Wen, 2009;Larmagnac et al, 2010;Zhang et al, 2011), carbon, or any form of their nanoparticle derivatives (Sekitani et al, 2009;Pavesi et al, 2011)), a conductive polymer can be generated when the percolation threshold 17 of the filler has been surpassed (Kirkpatrick, 1973;Milliken and Company, 1997).…”