Climate change, tropospheric ozone and particulate matter, and health impacts

Ebi, Kristie; McGregor, Glenn R.

doi:10.1590/s1413-81232009000600037

Cited by 57 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…Also with the shift in seasons, the living style and behavior of people tends to change such as keeping the windows open for longer periods, use of fans and air conditioners during the summers while keeping the rooms air tight during the cold season with an increased use of fuel for space heating. These changing conditions may result in similar indoor and outdoor-related climate changes related to exposure to pollutants and their health effects (Wilby, 2007;Ebi and McGregor, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal variation of fine particulate matter in residential micro–environments of Lahore, Pakistan

Sidra

Ali

Nasir

et al. 2015

Atmospheric Pollution Research

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Shifting seasons greatly influence the use and management practices in residential built environments which subsequently affect the level of exposure to various pollutants indoors. The levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were monitored in fifteen households of Lahore, Pakistan during different seasons. DustTrak aerosol monitors (model 8520, TSI Inc.) were run simultaneously in the kitchens and living rooms of the selected sites for seventy two hours each. To aid analysis, houses were categorized in three groups according to floor area. For non-smoking houses there was little variation between 24 h average PM2.5 concentrations in kitchens (270 to 295 μg/m³) although there was an increase in concentrations in living rooms as floor area increased. Across all houses the average PM2.5 concentration was observed to vary during the seasons. In the kitchens the average PM levels were 326 μg/m³ during the spring falling to 133 μg/m³ in summer, 180 μg/m³ in monsoon, 395 μg/m³ in autumn and 448 μg/m³ during the winter. Similarly, in the living rooms, the mean PM levels observed were 190 μg/m³ in spring, 101 μg/m³ in summer, 158 μg/m³ in monsoon, 458 μg/m³ in autumn and 590 μg/m³ in winter. Factors contributing towards these levels were cooking (involving frequent frying), floor sweeping, and also movement of the occupants. Smoking at two sites and use of gas heaters during the winter were also identified as contributing sources. Apart from these sources, ventilation was identified to be the most singular attributing factor to the above mentioned variations in PM levels. Ventilation during the warm season ranged from 3.51 air changes per hour (ACH) to 7.68 ACH. On the contrary, ventilation decreased during the autumn and winter season (2.5 to 5.64 ACH) and this resulted in an accumulation of PM indoors. The levels of fine particulate matter were observed to be 3 to 23 times higher than the WHO established standard of 25 μg/m³.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal variation of fine particulate matter in residential micro–environments of Lahore, Pakistan

Sidra

Ali

Nasir

et al. 2015

Atmospheric Pollution Research

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“…It is responsible for significant damage to crops and forests, and has adverse effects on the human respiratory system (e.g. Bell et al, 2004;Ebi and McGregor, 2008;Fuhrer and Booker, 2003;Lippmann et al, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tropospheric column amount of ozone retrieved from SCIAMACHY limb–nadir-matching observations

Ebojie

Savigny

Ladstätter-Weißenmayer³

et al. 2014

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

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Abstract. Tropospheric ozone (O 3 ), has two main sources: transport from the stratosphere and photochemical production in the troposphere. It plays important roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate change. Its amount and destruction are being modified by anthropogenic activity. Global measurements are needed to test our understanding of its sources and sinks. In this paper, we describe the retrieval of tropospheric O 3 columns (TOCs) from the combined limb and nadir observations (hereinafter referred to as limb-nadir-matching (LNM)) of the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) instrument, which flew as part of the payload onboard the European Space Agency (ESA) satellite Envisat (2002Envisat ( -2012. The LNM technique used in this study is a residual approach that subtracts stratospheric O 3 columns (SOCs), retrieved from the limb observations, from the total O 3 columns (TOZs), derived from the nadir observations. The technique requires accurate knowledge of the SOCs, TOZs, tropopause height, and their associated errors. The SOCs were determined from the stratospheric O 3 profiles retrieved in the Hartley and Chappuis bands from SCIAMACHY limb scattering measurements. The TOZs were also derived from SCIAMACHY measurements, but in this case from the nadir viewing mode using the Weighting Function Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (WFDOAS) technique in the Huggins band. Comparisons of the TOCs from SCIAMACHY and collocated measurements from ozonesondes in both hemispheres between January 2003 and December 2011 show agreement to within 2-5 DU (1 DU = 2.69 × 10 16 molecules cm −2 ). TOC values from SCIAMACHY have also been compared to the results from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) and from the LNM technique exploiting Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) data (hereinafter referred to as OMI/MLS). All compared data sets agree within the given data product error range and exhibit similar seasonal variations, which, however, differ in amplitude. The spatial distributions of tropospheric O 3 in the SCIAMACHY LNM TOC product show characteristic variations related to stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) processes, anthropogenic activities and biospheric emissions.

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“…The m O3-T relationship has been called a climate change "penalty," signifying that emissions reductions will need to be more stringent to counteract the effects of warming temperatures (6,14). However, the stationarity of this ozone-temperature relationship has yet to be evaluated using observations over a broad range of temperatures.High concentrations of tropospheric ozone ([O 3 ]) are an indicator of poor air quality, and adversely affect the health of humans and ecosystems (15,16). A suite of chemical and meteorological factors contributes to the formation of ozone.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High concentrations of tropospheric ozone ([O 3 ]) are an indicator of poor air quality, and adversely affect the health of humans and ecosystems (15,16). A suite of chemical and meteorological factors contributes to the formation of ozone.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Observed suppression of ozone formation at extremely high temperatures due to chemical and biophysical feedbacks

Steiner

Davis

Sillman

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

146

143

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Ground level ozone concentrations ([O 3 ]) typically show a direct linear relationship with surface air temperature. Three decades of California measurements provide evidence of a statistically significant change in the ozone-temperature slope (Δm O3-T ) under extremely high temperatures (>312 K). This Δm O3-T leads to a plateau or decrease in [O 3 ], reflecting the diminished role of nitrogen oxide sequestration by peroxyacetyl nitrates and reduced biogenic isoprene emissions at high temperatures. Despite inclusion of these processes in global and regional chemistry-climate models, a statistically significant change in Δm O3-T has not been noted in prior studies. Future climate projections suggest a more frequent and spatially widespread occurrence of this Δm O3-T response, confounding predictions of extreme ozone events based on the historically observed linear relationship. (4-10), and several studies have attempted to isolate the drivers of this relationship, as summarized in ref. 11. Early studies investigating the ozone-temperature relationship noted the impact of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) decomposition on ozone formation (4, 12). The PAN sink for NO x and odd hydrogen (HO x ) decreases exponentially as temperatures increase, implying a saturation of ozone formation from PAN decomposition as temperatures increase above ∼310 K. Sillman and Samson (10) found that m O3-T is a function of multiple chemical processes, including the reaction rate of PAN, emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC), photolysis rates, and water vapor concentrations. Therefore whereas absolute temperature is a strong predictor of the effects of incremental temperature change on ozone (2), chemical kinetics and temperature-dependent emission rates further complicate this relationship. For example, prior studies have noted that m O3-T varies between regions with different NO x ∕VOC ratios (13), and can decrease following significant NO x emissions reductions (6). The m O3-T relationship has been called a climate change "penalty," signifying that emissions reductions will need to be more stringent to counteract the effects of warming temperatures (6,14). However, the stationarity of this ozone-temperature relationship has yet to be evaluated using observations over a broad range of temperatures.High concentrations of tropospheric ozone ([O 3 ]) are an indicator of poor air quality, and adversely affect the health of humans and ecosystems (15,16). A suite of chemical and meteorological factors contributes to the formation of ozone. Photochemically driven reactions of VOC in the presence of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) can form ozone at the surface (17), whereas stagnant meteorological conditions promote and maintain ozone events.Changes in the frequency of certain meteorological features such as fewer midlatitude cyclones (18,19) or shallower boundary layer depths (20) (Fig. S1). Daily maximum surface air temperature (T max ) data are obtained from a statistically interpolated gridded product of ground-based National Oceanic a...

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Climate change, tropospheric ozone and particulate matter, and health impacts

Cited by 57 publications

References 82 publications

Seasonal variation of fine particulate matter in residential micro–environments of Lahore, Pakistan

Seasonal variation of fine particulate matter in residential micro–environments of Lahore, Pakistan

Tropospheric column amount of ozone retrieved from SCIAMACHY limb–nadir-matching observations

Observed suppression of ozone formation at extremely high temperatures due to chemical and biophysical feedbacks

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