Fluctuations in the spawning stock biomass and recruitment of the Brazilian sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis) 1977-1997

Abstract

In the southeastern coast of Brazil, catches of the Brazilian sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis) have been decreasing from more than 200 thousand tons/year in the early '70s to about 32 thousand tons in 1990. From 1994 to 1997, catches recovered slightly (118 thousand tons), dropping then to about 20 thousand tons in 1999-2000. Extensive investigations on biology and stock assessment of Brazilian sardine have been developed in the '80s, providing stock biomass and recruitment estimates based on commercial fishing data obtained from 1977-1992. The present paper aims to update biological and stock assessment parameters from sardine data obtained during two acoustic surveys carried out in 1995 and commercial catches from the 1993-1997 period. Results from both cruises showed the weight-length relationship Wt=0.0000019. Lt3,26 (90-240 mm total length) and four age classes (mostly class II+). In the commercial catches, sardines belonged to ages 0+ and 3+ years old (mostly older than 1-year old) with 90-250 mm total length. Annual growth parameters were: Li=275 mm, K= 0.55 (1996), and Li=273 mm, K=0.50 (1997). Total mortality (Z) and natural mortality (M) coefficients were: Z= 3.8; M= 0.7 -1.2 (1996), and Z= 3.6; M= 0.6 - 1.1 (1997). The variation amplitude of M is due to the application of several different methods. Considering the historical series of 21 years of data (1977-1997), results showed that the stock went through two favorable periods (1980-84, 1989-94) and one unfavorable period (1985-89). 1997 seems to have been the beginning of a new unfavorable period, revealing recruitment cycles likewise other stocks from California and Japan.

Morphometry and relative growth of the Brazilian sardine, Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879) in the southeastern Brazilian bight

“…All of these factors affect individual body length and weight (Wootton, 1998;Cergole et al, 2002) and consequently, otolith development, as demonstrated here. The models fitted for both study periods illustrate these patterns of variation.…”

“…The collapse of the stock in 1987, caused by environmental features and overfishing, resulted in decreased recruitment (Matsuura, 1998;Schwartzlose et al, 1999). Biomass in 1985 was estimated at 776,000 t and spawning biomass at 317,000 t. In 1987, these values were 400,000 t and 177,000 t, respectively (Cergole et al, 2002). During these two years, the total landings were 123,961 and 91,797 t, respectively.…”

Quantifying environmental effects on the recruitment of the Brazilian sardine (<i>Sardinella brasiliensis</i>), 1977-1993

“…Values of spawning stock biomass and recruitment were taken from the data provided by Cergole (1993) and Cergole et al (2002), who used Virtual Population Analysis (VPA; Gulland, 1965) to determine them. Natural mortality (M = 1.2 year -1 ) was derived from Pauly's (1980) empirical equation, using documented growth parameters of sardine and average water temperature in the Brazilian Bight (Cergole, 1995;Cergole et al, 2002).…”

“…Natural mortality (M = 1.2 year -1 ) was derived from Pauly's (1980) empirical equation, using documented growth parameters of sardine and average water temperature in the Brazilian Bight (Cergole, 1995;Cergole et al, 2002). Spawning stock biomass is taken to be the sum of the mature portion of each age class.…”

“…Estimates of recruitment and spawning stock biomass were available from 1977 to 1997, but owing to uncertainties in the VPA methodology, only recruitment values up to 1995 are considered reliable (Cergole et al, 2002). Further, estimates of the average zonal and meridional wind stress were only available up to 1993 (Da Silva et al, 1994).…”