Escala de Locus de controle da dor: adaptação e confiabilidade para idosos

Abstract

Background: Pain is considered a multidimensional experience and is very common in the elderly. The pain locus of control has become essential to understand how the perceptions, expectations and beliefs are related to individual behavior, attitudes, coping and adherence of the elderly with regards to the health conditions and with the proposed treatment. Studies focused on adaptation and reliability of instruments are necessary for health professionals. Objectives: The present study performed the cross-cultural adaptation of the Pain Locus of Control Scale (C form of Multidimensional Health Locus of Control) for Brazil and assessed its intra and inter-examiner reliability among a sample of 68 elderly individuals with non-oncological pain living in the community. Methods: The cross-cultural adaptation of the scale was performed using the methodology standardized by Beaton et al. (2000)*. Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used for the statistical analysis (p≤0.05). Results: Average age of the subjects was 69.6 ± 5.5 years; most were women, with low levels of income and education. The average pain duration was 10.2 years and the main clinical diagnosis was osteoarthritis. The reliability of the scale was adequate, with a regular to very strong correlations (PCC = 0.60 to 0.93) and a moderate to nearly perfect ICC (0.60 to 0.93), in mainly the chance locus of control and medical and healthcare professionals locus of control subscales. Conclusion: An adequate reliability and applicability was observed in our sample after adjustments and adaptations of the scale for use in elderly

Anxiety disorder in elderly persons with chronic pain: frequency and associations

“…Pain was evaluated in a multidimensional manner according to the Geriatric Pain Measure-p (GPM-p), an instrument that has undergone cross-cultural adaptation for use in Brazil and has had its psychometric properties evaluated, meaning that it is considered reliable and valid for use among the elderly 8 . This instrument allows pain to be considered in accordance with its various dimensions: sensory-discriminative, motivational-affective and cognitive-evaluative.…”

Locus of control among individuals with different pain conditions

“…Previous studies have shown that Chance HLC is usually associated with worse indicators of health or disease, while an internal locus of control is associated with positive indicators of health and disease. 3,7,12,13,15,17,18,34,35,36 Thus, dental patients with these profiles are more likely to accept medical or dental approaches and advice, 6 and this correlation may be used strategically by health professionals. Though the results are promising, those involving the "pure internal," "pure powerful others," and "yea-sayer" profiles require a closer scrutiny.…”

“…5 The original version of this instrument is written in English and consists of 18 items with a 6-point Likert response format ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (6). The Portuguese version of the instrument used in this study was published by Araújo et al 15 The conditionspecific locus of control used was individuals' pain experience.…”

“…Locus of control has been investigated in studies on many specific conditions, including pain conditions. 5,10,13,15,16,17,18,19 Araújo et al 15 and Cano-Garcia et al 18 reviewed the literature and found that, among individuals suffering from pain, a high external locus of control is correlated with increased functional disability, increased psychological issues, increased use of health care services, negative coping strategies, increased drug abuse, and decreased physical activity. Conversely, a high internal locus of control is correlated with lower pain frequency and intensity, decreased psychological issues, higher social integration, better compliance with treatment and medical advice, better health conditions, and increased quality of life.…”

“…Most studies investigating the locus of control experienced by individuals suffering from pain are mainly focused on chronic pain; however, knowing and identifying locus of control in other pain conditions is also important. Locus of control affects people's attitude, behaviors, and response to interventions and treatments, 1,3,15,17 regardless of the clinical condition or diagnosis that they may face. In the field of dentistry, no study has evaluated locus of control among individuals with different pain conditions.…”