Two-weeks of elbow immobilization affects torque production but does not change muscle activation

Karolczak, Ana Paula Barcellos; Diefenthaeler, Fernando; Geremia, Jeam Marcel; Vaz, Marco Aurélio

doi:10.1590/s1413-35552009005000050

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…Immobilization results in disuse of these muscles, leading to deterioration in their structure and function [10,11]. Hindlimb suspension induces significant physiological changes in their muscles with the greatest ones observed in antigravity muscles such as gastrocnemius and soleus [12].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of unilateral hindlimb immobilization on ipsilateral soleus muscle morphology of adult male albino rats

Azmy

Abdallah

2013

The Egyptian Journal of Histology

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of unilateral hindlimb immobilization on ipsilateral soleus muscle morphology of adult male albino rats

Azmy

Abdallah

2013

The Egyptian Journal of Histology

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“…1 ). This protocol was adapted and modified from previous studies that showed 13%–16% decreases in MVCiso strength of the elbow flexors after a 2-wk immobilization of upper arm ( 17 , 18 ). The participants were instructed not to remove the sling except when changing their clothes, bathing, and sleeping.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Unilateral Eccentric versus Concentric Training of Nonimmobilized Arm during Immobilization

Chen

et al. 2023

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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IntroductionThe present study tested the hypothesis that eccentric training (ET) of nonimmobilized arm would attenuate negative effects of immobilization and provide greater protective effects against muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise after immobilization, when compared with concentric training (CT).MethodsSedentary young men were placed to ET, CT, or control group (n = 12 per group), and their nondominant arms were immobilized for 3 wk. During the immobilization period, the ET and CT groups performed five sets of six dumbbell curl eccentric-only and concentric-only contractions, respectively, at 20%–80% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVCiso) strength over six sessions. MVCiso torque, root-mean square (RMS) of electromyographic activity during MVCiso, and bicep brachii muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) were measured before and after immobilization for both arms. All participants performed 30 eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors (30EC) by the immobilized arm after the cast was removed. Several indirect muscle damage markers were measured before, immediately after, and for 5 d after 30EC.ResultsET increased MVCiso (17% ± 7%), RMS (24% ± 8%), and CSA (9% ± 2%) greater (P < 0.05) than CT (6% ± 4%, 9% ± 4%, 3% ± 2%) for the trained arm. The control group showed decreases in MVCiso (−17% ± 2%), RMS (−26% ± 6%), and CSA (−12% ± 3%) for the immobilized arm, but these changes were attenuated greater (P < 0.05) by ET (3% ± 3%, −0.1% ± 2%, 0.1% ± 0.3%) than CT (−4% ± 2%, −4% ± 2%, −1.3% ± 0.4%). Changes in all muscle damage markers after 30EC were smaller (P < 0.05) for the ET and CT than the control group, and ET than the CT group (e.g., peak plasma creatine kinase activity: ET, 860 ± 688 IU·L−1; CT, 2390 ± 1104 IU·L−1; control, 7819 ± 4011 IU·L−1).ConclusionsThese results showed that ET of the nonimmobilized arm was effective for eliminating the negative effects of immobilization and attenuating eccentric exercise–induced muscle damage after immobilization.

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“…The participants were instructed to take off the sling only when taking a shower and sleeping, and the cast was not removed for 3 weeks. This protocol was adapted and modified from previous studies that showed 13–16% decreases in MVC strength of the elbow flexors after a 2‐week immobilization of upper arm 13,14 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle damage induced by maximal eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors after 3‐week immobilization

Chen

Kang

Tseng

et al. 2022

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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The present study investigated the effects of a 3‐week immobilization (IM) on muscle damage induced by maximal eccentric exercise (MaxEC) to test the hypothesis that the IM would make muscles prone to muscle damage. Young healthy sedentary men were pseudo‐randomly assigned to IM or control group (n = 12/group). Non‐dominant arms of the IM group participants were immobilized at 90° elbow flexion by a cast for 21 days. All participants performed MaxEC consisting of five sets of six elbow flexor contractions by lowering a dumbbell set at 100% of pre‐exercise maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) strength of the non‐dominant arm. This was performed at 2 days after the cast removal for the IM group. MVC torque, range of motion (ROM), muscle thickness (MT), muscle hardness, position sense (PS), and joint reaction angle (JRA) of the elbow flexors were measured at baseline, post‐immobilization, and before, immediately after, and one to 5 days after MaxEC. The IM decreased MVC torque (−17 ± 2%), ROM (−2 ± 1%), MT (−7 ± 3%), and JRA (−12 ± 6%), and increased in muscle hardness (20 ± 6%) and PS (11 ± 2%) (p < 0.05). Changes in MVC (e.g., 2 days: −40 ± 5 vs. −30 ± 9%), ROM (2 days: −11 ± 2 vs. −9 ± 3%), muscle soreness (peak: 63 ± 22 vs. 48 ± 14 mm), plasma CK activity (peak: 7820 ± 4011 vs. 4980 ± 1363 IU/L), PS (maximal change: −23 ± 2 vs. −18 ± 3%), and JRA (maximal change: −37 ± 4 vs. −26 ± 3%) after MaxEC were greater (p < 0.05) for the IM than control group. These results supported the hypothesis and showed that the IM made the muscles more vulnerable to muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise.

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Two-weeks of elbow immobilization affects torque production but does not change muscle activation

Abstract: Background: Limb immobilization has been extensively used during the recovery process of musculoskeletal injuries despite the fact

Cited by 7 publications

References 30 publications

Effect of unilateral hindlimb immobilization on ipsilateral soleus muscle morphology of adult male albino rats

Effect of unilateral hindlimb immobilization on ipsilateral soleus muscle morphology of adult male albino rats

Effects of Unilateral Eccentric versus Concentric Training of Nonimmobilized Arm during Immobilization

Muscle damage induced by maximal eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors after 3‐week immobilization

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