The distribution of the cyclopoid Genus Oithona in waters bordered by mangroves along the coast of Central and South America was studied. Of the ten species previously registered only 0. hebes Giesbrecht, 0. oswaldocruzi Oliveira, 0. alvarezi Lindberg and 0. fonsecae Ferrari & Bowman remain valid. 0. hebes and 0. oswaldocruzi are redescribed and their synonymies extensively discussed. No representatives of 0. alvarezi and 0. fonsecae were examined.Integumental pore signature patterns of oithonid females are described for the first time. The importance of the pore signature of the cephalosomic flaps of the males as a taxonomic character is discussed. = Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sgo Paulo; A1 = antennule; A2 = antenna; B2 = basipodal segment 2; Enp = endopod; Enp2, Enp3 = second and third endopodal segment; Exp = exopod; Exp3 = third exopodal segment; Md = mandible; Mxl = maxillule; Mx2 = maxilla; Mxp = maxilliped, P1. . . P6 = first to sixth leg; Pr = prosome, Ur = urosome.Fig. I. Ranges of the species of Oithona in coastal areas of Central and South America bordered by mangroves as they appeared to be before (A) and as they remain after (B) the present report. AL = 0 . alvarezi, CH = 0 . canhanhae, FS = 0 . fonsecae, HB = 0 . hebes, NT = 0 . neotropica, OG = 0. oligohalina, OR = 0. oraemaris, OV = 0. ovalis, OW = 0 . oswaldocruzi, SA = 0. sapucaiae.