Abscess secondary to facial snakebite

Quiroga, Mariana; Ávila-Agüero, María Luisa; Faingezicht, Idis

doi:10.1590/s0104-79302000000200009

Cited by 11 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Crotaline snakebites on the head and neck are uncommon, typically representing ,1%-2% of all bites on humans (Willson, 1908;Hutchison, 1929;Fonseca, 1949;Parrish et al, 1965;Nishioka and Silveira, 1992;Otero et al, 1992;Ribeiro and Jorge, 1997;Quiroga et al, 2000;Zavala et al, 2002;Pinho et al, 2004) but reaching frequencies of 3%-7% among some arboreal pitvipers of South America (Silva-Haad, 1980/1981Warrell, 2004). Bites to the head region, either by New-World pitvipers (mainly Bothriopsis, Bothriechis, Bothrops and Crotalus spp.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…or Old-World pitvipers (e.g. Deinagkistrodon acutus and Trimeresurus wagleri), are generally severe, resulting in eye injuries (Wolfovitch and Marback, 1988;Brandão et al, 1993;Chen et al, 2005), oedema (Gerkin et al, 1987;Dart and Gustafson, 1991;White and Weber, 1991;Lewis and Portera, 1994;Tanen et al, 2001;Chen et al, 2005;Richardson et al, 2005), compromised airways (Pfeiffer and Price, 1976;Skoda-Tü rk, 1979;Gerkin et al, 1987;Danzl and Carter, 1988;Dart and Gustafson, 1991;Tanen et al, 2001;Brooks et al, 2002;Chen et al, 2005;Richardson et al, 2005), coagulopathy (Dart and Gustafson, 1991;Litovitz et al, 1993;Lewis and Portera, 1994;Quiroga et al, 2000;Otero et al, 2002;Richardson et al, 2005;Warrell, 2004) and, occasionally, death (Willson, 1908;Russell, 1983;Litovitz et al, 1993;Quiroga et al, 2000;Campbell and Lamar, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The arboreal Bothriechis schlegelii causes face and neck bites in Chiapas, Mexico (Warrell, 2004), and a fatality following a bite to the tongue by this species has been reported (Campbell and Lamar, 2004). A smaller number of bites involving the head and neck has been associated with terrestrial Bothrops species during normal human activities (Wolfovitch and Marback, 1988;Brandão et al, 1993;Quiroga et al, 2000;Otero et al, 2002). Although most Brazilian Bothrops species are terrestrial, some, including Bothrops atrox (Campbell and Lamar, 1989) and Bothrops jararaca (Sazima, 1988), can occasionally climb shrubs and low-lying branches of trees to a height of 2 m or more.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Envenomation caused by Bothrops species is frequently accompanied by secondary local complications, including soft-tissue infections, mostly caused by Gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria (Ribeiro and Jorge, 1997;Ribeiro et al, 1998;Quiroga et al, 2000;Avila-Agü ero et al, 2001;Bucaretchi et al, 2001;Otero et al, 2002;França and Málaque, 2003). Interestingly, no such complications were observed in the present case, or in most of the other cases of head bite listed in the Table.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bothropssnakebite on the head: case report and review of the literature

Bucaretchi

Hyslop

Mello

et al. 2007

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology

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A previously healthy, 21-year-old female was admitted 5 h after being bitten in the occipital region by a pitviper presumed to be Bothrops jararaca. Physical examination revealed marked cranial and facial oedema extending to the neck and dorsum, bilateral eyelid ecchymosis, and local conjunctival and gingival bleeding. The patient was alert and complained of mild, local pain and nausea. There were no signs of neurological involvement. The main laboratory findings on admission included incoagulable blood, a platelet count of 4000/microl, and an ELISA-estimated serum venom concentration of 62.6 ng/ml. Sequential serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, sodium and potassium concentrations were normal. The case was classified as severe and, after the intravenous administration of ranitidine, chlorpheniramine and hydrocortisone, the intravenous infusion of 12 vials of undiluted bothropic equine antivenom [F(ab)(2); 10 ml/vial] was initiated. The antivenom infusion was halted after 10 vials because the patient developed a severe early reaction, although this was successfully treated with subcutaneous adrenaline and intravenous hydrocortisone. Platelet replacement (seven units) was performed and 24 h after the antivenom infusion, normal results in blood-coagulation tests and an increase in the platelet count (to 100,000/microl) were observed. No circulating venom was detected in blood samples collected 6, 12, 24 or 48 h post-admission. The patient was discharged after 4 days, with clinical improvement and no signs of local infection, and subsequent follow-up revealed no sequelae.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bothropssnakebite on the head: case report and review of the literature

Bucaretchi

Hyslop

Mello

et al. 2007

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology

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“…In one of these theories, bacteria -from the venom, mouth and fangs of snakes -are involved (8,(11)(12)(13)(14). Related research has been showing a strong relationship between microorganisms present in abscesses or in patient lesions (1, 2) and the ones from snake oral cavities (10,11,13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral microbiota of Brazilian captive snakes

Fonseca¹,

Moreira²,

Cunha³

et al. 2009

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis

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ABSTRACT:The present work aimed to determine the oral microbiotic composition of snakes from São José do Rio Preto city, São Paulo State, Brazil. Ten snake species, comprising the families Boidae, Colubridae, Elapidae and Viperidae, were submitted to microbiological examination of their oral cavity, which indicated positivity for all buccal samples. Gram-negative bacilli, gram-negative cocci bacilli, grampositive bacilli and gram-positive cocci were isolated from the snakes. Among isolated bacterium species, the occurrence of coagulase-negative staphylococci in the buccal cavity of Crotalus durissus (Viperiade), Eunectes murinus (Boidae), Mastigodryas bifossatus (Colubridae) and Bacillus subtilis, common to oral cavity of Bothrops alternatus (Viperidae) and Phalotris mertensi (Colubridae), was detected. It was observed higher diversity of isolated bacteria from the oral cavity of Micrurus frontalis (Elapidae) and Philodryas nattereri (Colubridae), as well as the prevalence of gram-positive baccillus and gram-positive cocci. The composition of the oral microbiota of the studied snakes, with or without inoculating fangs, is diverse and also related to the formation of abscesses at the bite site in the victims of the ophidian accidents, and to pathogenic processes in the snakes that host these microorganisms.

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Oral bacterial flora of Indian cobra (Naja naja) and their antibiotic susceptibilities

Panda

Padhi

Sahoo

2018

Heliyon

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ObjectivesThe objective of the present work was to examine the bacterial flora associated with the oral cavity of Indian cobra and to study their antibiogram.MethodsOral swabs, collected from six healthy (4 males and 2 females) adult cobra, were subjected to microbiological examination through differential media. A total of 74 isolates which demonstrated noticeable colony characters were studied with different biochemical tests. The strains that showed distinctive colonies, morphology and biochemical parameters were additionally subjected to phylogenetic characterization using 16S rRNA gene sequences. Further, the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using ICOSA-20-plus and ICOSA-20-minus.ResultsMicroscopic examination of the oral cavity of Indian cobra revealed the dominance of Gram-negative bacteria over Gram-positive. The oral microflora constituted of bacteria such as Salmonella sp. (S. typhi, S. paratyphi A); Pseudomonas sp. (P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescence); Proteus sp. (P. mirabilis, P. penneri, P. vulgaris); E. coli; Morganella sp.; Citrobacter sp. (C. diversus, C. freundii); Aeromonas sp. (A. hydrophila, A. salmonicida); Enterobacter sp. (E. aerogens); Acinetobacter sp. (A. baumannii); Neisseria sp.; Serratia sp.; Bacillus sp. (B. cereus, B. megatarium, B. atrophaeus and B. weihenstephanensis); Enterococcus sp. (E. faecalis, E. faecium); Staphylococcus sp. (S. aureus, S. epidermidis); Alcaligenes sp.; Chryseobacterium sp. and Micrococcus sp. Most of the isolates were resistant towards antibiotics such as Penicillin, Cefpodoxime, Amoxyclav, Co-Trimoxazole, Ticarcillin, Erythromycin and Nalidixic acid while sensitive towards Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Ofloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Tobromycin, Ceftriaxone, Tetracycline, Novobiocin and Imipenem.ConclusionsThe secondary complications of the snake bite victims should be managed with appropriate antibiotics after proper examination of the bacterial flora from the wound sites.

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Abscess secondary to facial snakebite

Cited by 11 publications

References 11 publications

Bothropssnakebite on the head: case report and review of the literature

Bothropssnakebite on the head: case report and review of the literature

Oral microbiota of Brazilian captive snakes

Oral bacterial flora of Indian cobra (Naja naja) and their antibiotic susceptibilities

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