“…The causes for the degenerative condition may vary from external exposures (physical, chemical and biological) to genetic predispositions. These include exposure to heat (Kheradmand, Dezfoulian, & Tarrahi, 2011), cold, radiation, venom (Penna‐Videau, Cermeno‐Vivas, Moreno‐Marval, & Quiroga‐Notti, 2000), nutritional deficiency (Sood et al., 1992), ageing (Tanemura, Kurohmaru, Kuramoto, & Hayashi, 1993) and infection (Puggioni et al., 2018) among others. It is possible to reverse those caused by temporary exposures and restore testicular function (e.g., spermatogenesis, hormone production) by removing the external causes (Barth, 2015).…”