Autoritarismo y eugenesia punitiva: higiene racial y nacionalcatolicismo en el franquismo, 1936-1945

Abstract

Resumen Se analizan algunos de los elementos que configuraron los discursos y las prácticas eugenésicas durante las primeras décadas de la dictadura franquista. Se abordan principalmente las bases ideológicas de la higiene racial, propuestas desde la medicina y la psiquiatría franquista, analizando su vinculación con el concepto de hispanidad. Se muestra cómo la eugenesia franquista tuvo una vertiente punitiva y coercitiva y cómo participó en la represión descarnada hacia el enemigo político, construyendo su identidad como anti español. También se estudia cómo la Iglesia Católica aceptó la eugenesia siempre que no estuviese vinculada al neomaltusianismo ni propugnase la esterilización, los métodos contraceptivos y el aborto. En este sentido, se analiza su posición respecto al certificado y al consejo prematrimonial.

Blurring of colour lines? Ethnoracially mixed youth in Spain navigating identity

“…Racial purity standards were only completely abolished in 1870. Later, during the Franco dictatorship (1939Franco dictatorship ( -1975, the ruling regime's preoccupation was to morally regenerate what was referred to as 'the Spanish race' through a project of national Catholicism and a revival of 'authentic' Spanish tradition; the notion of 'Spanishness' promulgated was not defined by racial categories per se, but it was highly insular, defined by Catholicism, and deeply antagonistic to 'foreign' elements (Campos 2016).…”

Between modernity and tradition: the formation of a psychoanalytical culture during the Franco dictatorship

“…The legacy of psychoanalysis was therefore recognized, albeit oriented toward a construction that conceptually dispensed with Freud in order to move closer to others such as Jung and Adler, entrusting religion and existential anthropology with the task of "saving" psychoanalysis and putting it at the service of Francoist science. For example, Doctor Fernando Enríquez de Salamanca, a counter-revolutionary Catholic monarchist who was close to the group of intellectuals who wrote for the magazine Acción Española (Campos, 2016;Huertas, 1998) stated in his prologue to José de San Román's Por la Higiene de la Raza ("For the Hygiene of Our Race") that one of the most important things for man to do was to strengthen his will in order to channel his libido toward social balance and reproduction, thus avoiding falling prey to instinct and the satisfaction of unfettered sexual desire (Enríquez de Salamanca, 1938 pp. VI-VII).…”

Racism, Hispanidad and social hierarchy in medicalpsychiatric thought during early Francoism. The work by Misael Bañuelos (1936-1941)

“…Firstly, liberal and progressive perspectives of the issue were abandoned and fought against, as they were considered part of the "disaster" being experienced by the country (Goode, 2009). Instead, Catholicism inspired racial policies and defined race and national essences (Álvarez, 2007;Vázquez and Moreno, 1997;Cenarro, 2006;Campos 2016Campos , 2018. In a complex appropriation and reinterpretation process it was intermingled with duly purged biological and psychosomatic issues.…”

“…The contrast between the amount of work about Vallejo Nágera and relative silence with regard to Bañuelos is a surprising one, despite the existence of the latter's work being known. Approaches taken from within the History of Science have been practically non-existent and confined to some general mentions without going into any great depth (Álvarez, 1998;Polo, 2006;Cayuela, 2014;Campos, 2016). We also find two biographies written by doctors who either ignored (López Sáez, 1983) or largely and uncomfortably overlooked (Granda, 1987) the racial biological work undertaken by Bañuelos.…”