A prática oceanográfica e a coleção iconográfica do rei dom Carlos I

Abstract

Após a expedição do Challenger (1872-1878), outras nações começaram a interessar-se pela pesquisa oceanográfica e a organizar suas próprias expedições. Desde 1885 que o príncipe Albert I de Mónaco realizava campanhas oceanográficas, com a colaboração de alguns dos melhores cientistas em biologia marinha e em oceanografia física, inventando técnicas e instrumentos para a realização dos trabalhos oceanográficos. A atividade científica do príncipe Albert certamente contribuiu para estimular o interesse do seu amigo, o rei dom Carlos I de Portugal, pelo estudo dos oceanos e da vida marinha. Ambos compartilhavam a necessidade de usar a fotografia para documentar suas pesquisas. Este artigo analisa o papel da fotografia científica na ciência oceanográfica, particularmente nas expedições realizadas pelo monarca português.

Oceans, science, and universities: scientific study of the sea during the First Portuguese Republic

“…At the same time, the large-scale maritime expeditions made possible by scientific and technological advances in the second half of the nineteenth century boosted interest among the scientific community in the development of oceanography from a multidisciplinary perspective (Deacon, 1997;Deacon, Summerhayes, 2003;Jardim et al, 2014). Some examples were the voyages of the HMS Challenger, which circumnavigated the globe from 1872 to 1876 and passed through Lisbon in January 1873, and the expeditions of Prince Albert I of Monaco (1848Monaco ( -1922 between 1885 and 1915 which resulted in the establishment of the Musée Océanographique de Monaco (1910).…”

“…In addition to pursuing purely scientific interests, these campaigns also had a degree of economic and political significance due to the importance of fisheries in Portugal and the need for greater knowledge about the open sea and the deep sea, as the colonial powers jostled for position and the domestic situation was marked by fractures, divisions, and the effects of the British Ultimatum of 1890. 2 These oceanographic expeditions resulted in the publication of scientific works (Bragança, 1899;1904), the first microscopic photographs of organisms such as plankton, the creation of museum collections, and exhibitions organised at home and abroad (Deacon, 1997, p.66;Jardim et al, 2014).…”

Portugal in the European Network of Marine Science Heritage and Outreach (19th–20th Centuries)

“…(Saldanha 1997). Moreover, he established for the first time the relationship between tuna fish migrations and thermal variations in the marine environment, between pelagic fauna and plankton (Jardim et al 2014;Saldanha 1997). The materials of his campaigns were photographed as documental proof, in particular, plankton images showed in several national and international exhibitions.…”

“…The materials of his campaigns were photographed as documental proof, in particular, plankton images showed in several national and international exhibitions. The relations with France were reinforced with the gift of a collection of marine species to the National Museum of Natural History in Paris, where King Charles was later received as a scientist among his peers (Jardim et al 2014).…”

“…It was part of an international exhibition to celebrate the 400 years of the Portuguese Discoveries (Saldanha 1997). This initiative was led by the Society of Geography and the naturalist and civil engineer Albert Girard (1860Girard ( -1914, who coordinated the oceanographic expeditions and royal natural collections with King Charles (Jardim et al 2014;Saldanha 1997). With his experience, Girard was in charge of this project.…”