“…Dominated by colonial elites, these, in turn, financed, administered, and staffed hospitals in such a way as to propel their own varied political and financial interests (Boxer, 1965; Sá, 1997). This was especially true in Goa, which was home to some of the earliest and most extensive clinical infrastructure (Gracias, 1994), where the municipal council appears to have secured a range of administrative privileges not afforded to other colonies (Abreu, 2020), and which at the end of the eighteenth century would become the site of protracted struggles between competing visions of colonial medicine as a tool of social control (Amaral, 2018; Bastos, 2022). In the Atlantic, hospitals emerged alongside the development of sugar plantations in Brazil, where their fortunes often rose and fell with those of the planter class (Russell‐Wood, 1968, pp.…”