Malaria has always been an important public health problem in Brazil. The early
history of Brazilian malaria and its control was powered by colonisation by Europeans
and the forced relocation of Africans as slaves. Internal migration brought malaria
to many regions in Brazil where, given suitableAnopheles mosquito
vectors, it thrived. Almost from the start, officials recognised the problem malaria
presented to economic development, but early control efforts were hampered by still
developing public health control and ignorance of the underlying biology and ecology
of malaria. Multiple regional and national malaria control efforts have been
attempted with varying success. At present, the Amazon Basin accounts for 99% of
Brazil’s reported malaria cases with regional increases in incidence often associated
with large scale public works or migration. Here, we provide an exhaustive summary of
primary literature in English, Spanish and Portuguese regarding Brazilian malaria
control. Our goal was not to interpret the history of Brazilian malaria control from
a particular political or theoretical perspective, but rather to provide a
straightforward, chronological narrative of the events that have transpired in Brazil
over the past 200 years and identify common themes.