This Thesis has the overall objective to analyze the social politicy and income security for the elderly in Brazil and Canada, from the Federative Pact and the neoliberal context. A bibliographical and comparative study between the two countries was conducted. Before entering in the universe to be searched, we realize the importance of analyzing the constitution of the social protection system, the history of social policy implementation, such as federalism is structured and its relationship with the state social protection facing to neoliberal offensive. Although both countries are federal states, Canada has a different federalism from Brazilian one, because this last is very peculiar, due to the autonomy of the municipal entity. From this preliminary study we were able to understand how is the policy of social assistance and income security for the elderly, from analyzing the historical process and a critical analysis. A question of central interest of the Thesis was to understand how countries have been organizing its social policy from the aging of its population. At this way, it discusses the specificity of each country in relation to federalism and its relation to social policies. In conclusion we see that Canada has a history of the constitution of the social safety quite different from Brazil. There they had the welfare state, and here in Brazil, we did not have it. But with the neoliberal model that has been implemented in western countries, we realize that currently the prescription of reducing of the state is being followed by Canada and Brazil.