An introduction to mini black holes at LHC

Abstract

Relying on the existing estimates for the production cross sections of mini black holes in models with large extra dimensions, we review strategies for identifying those objects at collider experiments. We further consider a possible stable final state of such black holes and discuss their characteristic signatures. Keywords: Black holes Since the discovery of the Schwarzschild solution [1], black holes have fired mans imagination. Even more since it has been pointed out that, according to the theories with large extra dimensions (LXDs) [2] black holes (BHs) might even be produced at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) [3]. We review possible observables of this conjecture with special emphasis on the unclear final fate of such a BH and the possible existence of black hole remnants (BHR) [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. When doing this, we will rely on the numerous estimates of the black hole production cross section, which agree at the level of their order of magnitude [16]. In the case of compactified dimensions, this formula is applicable as long as R H is much smaller than the compactification radius R. This radius is much larger than the Schwarzschild radius corresponding to the same BH mass in 3+1 dimensions. From the Hoop conjecture [21] one assumes the formation of a black hole as soon the impact parameter of two colliding particles is smaller than the corresponding Schwarzschild radius. Accordingly, this minimal impact parameter rises enormously in the extradimensional setup. The straight forward approximation of the LXD-black hole production cross section can be made by taking the classical geometric cross sectionSeveral aspects of this cross section have been discussed, but its order of magnitude seems to coincide in the different approaches [16]. Although we should mention here that it has recently been argued, that gravitational radiation during the formation process might carry enough energy to prevent the matter form collapsing at all [22]. The differential cross section in proton-proton collisions is then given by summation over all possible parton interactions and integration over the momentum fractions. Due to the steep behavior of the parton distribution functions [23] for small x, most of the black holes have masses close to the production threshold. Thus, cross sections like Eq. (2) lead to the exciting prediction that if large extra dimensions do actually exist, a large number (up to 10 9 per year) of black holes will be produced in future colliders [3,12,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30] and should in fact, be daily produced in ultra high energetic cosmic ray events [31,32]. The order of magnitude of this prediction is very under a change of the used parton distribution function. But what are the measurable signatures of the production of microscopical BHs in collider experiments? Most of those signatures are strongly dependent on the evaporation process [33] of the BH. This evaporation process is often classified in three phases. In the balding phase, the newly formed black hole radi...

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