In Vivo magnetic resonance techniques and drug discovery

Beckmann, Nicolau

doi:10.1590/s0103-97332006000100006

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Medical imaging is an interdisciplinary field that commands a significant proportion of all medical‐related spending costs. Despite the indispensable benefits that clinical medical imaging modalities offer, X‐ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US), positron emission tomography (PET), single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and their derivatives, all have characteristic strengths and drawbacks . A cursory overview of the characteristics of these clinical imaging modalities is presented in Figure .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the indispensable benefi ts that clinical medical imaging modalities offer, X-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and their derivatives, all have characteristic strengths and drawbacks. [ 1,2 ] A cursory overview of the characteristics of these clinical imaging modalities is presented in Figure 1 . Whether it is a high cost, low resolution, exposure to ionizing radiation, poor sensitivity to contrast media, or diffi culty in data interpretation, emerging imaging paradigms and technologies strive to address unmet needs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Advances in Higher-Order, Multimodal, Biomedical Imaging Agents

Rieffel

Chitgupi

Lovell

2015

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Advances in biomedical imaging have spurred the development of integrated multimodal scanners, usually capable of two simultaneous imaging modes. The long-term vision of higher-order multimodality is to improve diagnostics or guidance through analysis of complementary, data-rich, co-registered images. Synergies achieved through combined modalities could enable researchers to better track diverse physiological and structural events, analyze biodistribution and treatment efficacy, and compare established and emerging modalities. Higher-order multimodal approaches stand to benefit from molecular imaging probes and in recent years, contrast agents that have hypermodal characteristics have increasingly been reported in preclinical studies. Given the chemical requirements for contrast agents representing various modalities to be integrated into a single entity, higher-order multimodal agents reported so far tend to be of nanoparticulate form. To date, the majority of reported nanoparticles have included components that are active for magnetic resonance. Herein, we review recent progress in higher-order multimodal imaging agents, which span a range of material and structural classes, that have demonstrated utility in three (or more) imaging modalities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Higher-Order, Multimodal, Biomedical Imaging Agents

Rieffel

Chitgupi

Lovell

2015

Small

132

127

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“…They are all expensive, time-consuming and immobile imaging modalities. In particular, CT possesses ionizing effects, PET involves radioactive material injection and MRI is not suitable for the patients with metal biomedical implants ( Beckmann, 2006 ; NPSMedicineWise, 2016 ; Ozomaro, 2013 ). Therefore, there is a need for an alternate imaging technique which can provide a safe, low-cost, portable and fast imaging solution for brain stroke detection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of detail analysis of microwave scattering from human head models for brain stroke detection

Qureshi¹,

Mustansar²

2017

PeerJ

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In this paper, we have presented a microwave scattering analysis from multiple human head models. This study incorporates different levels of detail in the human head models and its effect on microwave scattering phenomenon. Two levels of detail are taken into account; (i) Simplified ellipse shaped head model (ii) Anatomically realistic head model, implemented using 2-D geometry. In addition, heterogenic and frequency-dispersive behavior of the brain tissues has also been incorporated in our head models. It is identified during this study that the microwave scattering phenomenon changes significantly once the complexity of head model is increased by incorporating more details using magnetic resonance imaging database. It is also found out that the microwave scattering results match in both types of head model (i.e., geometrically simple and anatomically realistic), once the measurements are made in the structurally simplified regions. However, the results diverge considerably in the complex areas of brain due to the arbitrary shape interface of tissue layers in the anatomically realistic head model.After incorporating various levels of detail, the solution of subject microwave scattering problem and the measurement of transmitted and backscattered signals were obtained using finite element method. Mesh convergence analysis was also performed to achieve error free results with a minimum number of mesh elements and a lesser degree of freedom in the fast computational time. The results were promising and the E-Field values converged for both simple and complex geometrical models. However, the E-Field difference between both types of head model at the same reference point differentiated a lot in terms of magnitude. At complex location, a high difference value of 0.04236 V/m was measured compared to the simple location, where it turned out to be 0.00197 V/m. This study also contributes to provide a comparison analysis between the direct and iterative solvers so as to find out the solution of subject microwave scattering problem in a minimum computational time along with memory resources requirement.It is seen from this study that the microwave imaging may effectively be utilized for the detection, localization and differentiation of different types of brain stroke. The simulation results verified that the microwave imaging can be efficiently exploited to study the significant contrast between electric field values of the normal and abnormal brain tissues for the investigation of brain anomalies. In the end, a specific absorption rate analysis was carried out to compare the ionizing effects of microwave signals to different types of head model using a factor of safety for brain tissues. It is also suggested after careful study of various inversion methods in practice for microwave head imaging, that the contrast source inversion method may be more suitable and computationally efficient for such problems.

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“…This is a phenomenon of not only fundamental inquisition but also of great interest from the economical point of view pertaining to the industrial production [28,29] ize the influence of chemical modification in the geometry of the structural isomers [30]. So a complete study of the dimerization reaction mechanisms with theoretical base is needed in order to exploit the new synthetic strategies for the total synthesis of challenging molecular architecture present in the bisquinoline alkaloids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%