A millimeter/microwave detection system, in operation in the TCABR Tokamak is described. The system is used for electron cyclotron measurements. The main part of the system is a heterodyne sweeping radiometer based on a BW O oscillator that operates in the frequency range of 52 to 85 GHz. The system operates in two modes : fi xed frequency ( maximum resolution of 10 µs ) and sweeping mode ( 50 µs per frequency step ). The radiometer is calibrated in frequency and in radiation intensity. The frequency calibration is made by means of a precision harmonic oscillator. The absolute calibration was done using a blackbody ( microwave absorber ) immersed in liquid nitrogen ( 77 K ) and also put in an oven with adjustable temperature up to 1470 K. Two others components are also used for periodic intensity calibration check and sensibility measurements : a Criogenic Matched Load and a Noise Source. A Gaussian antenna is used for better space resolution measurements. Between the antenna and the radiometer, oversized waveguides are used to reduced the signal attenuation. The antenna axis is in the equatorial plane of the machine and perpendicular to the plasma column axis. The accessibility and absorption conditions are discussed. Results showing time and radial profi les of the detected ECE radiation for the TCABR are presented. For a magnetic fi eld of BTO = 1.14 T it was verifi ed that the maximum permissible density to access the second harmonic in the X mode is ne0 ∼ = 2.3 × 10 19 m −3 .
Electron Cyclotron EmissionThe radiation resulting from the movement of the electrons around the magnetic fi eld lines carries valuable information about the distribution function of the electrons in a plasma and its detection constitutes an important diagnostic method for magnetic confi ned plasmas [ 1 ]. In tokamak machines, the radial dependence of the magnetic fi eld allows the determination, from the ECE radiation, of the electron temperature and also, in some situations, of the electron density [ 2 ].The fi rst work on the use of the ECE radiation, as a diagnostic tool, in tokamaks was published in 1974 [ 3 ]. Today, besides being an obligatory diagnosis technique in tokamaks for electron temperature measurements, it is in continuous evolution and, more recently, it has been used experimentally with more elaborated purposes, for instance, in the characterization of electron distribution of non-thermal electrons [ 4 ], in the transport studies involving temperature fluctuations [ 5 ] and, in recent proposals, involving Bernstein waves for the determination of electron temperature [ 6 ]. The use of the Bernstein waves seems to be particularly interesting in spherical tokamaks where the accessibility and the absorption conditions are not satisfi ed for the radiation used in common machines.For a tokamak of major radius R 0 and toroidal fi eld B T 0 , the harmonic n of the ECE frequency f n emitted at radius r , in the equatorial plane, is given by, where e and m e are respectively the electron charge and mass. The relativistic facto...