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Water remediation at minimal cost is the need of the day, as freshwater aquifers are declining at an alarming rate. To address this challenge, composite membranes is herein developed using a unique reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)‐synthesized copolymer as the active surface layer, a commercial reverse osmosis (RO) membrane serving as the support layer, and foamy molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets decorated with dithi‐magnetospheres acting as the interlayer. This strategy is adopted because the commercial RO membrane is effective toward desalination but is susceptible to fouling and biofilm. The foamy interlayer MoS2 nanosheets decorated with dithi‐magnetospheres in the composite membranes minimize the additional resistance, both in terms of flow and also facilitate reversible action toward heavy metal removal. Further, the composite membranes exhibit a 7‐log reduction in bacterial colonies for both gram‐positive and gram‐negative strains. A stringent and targeted action is also observed in terms of intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. In addition, excellent reversible antifouling with 98.5% flux retention ratio is observed. The average lead (II) removal at 50 ppm is 95.3% and the average arsenic (III) removal at 50 ppm is observed to be 96%. Thus, these membranes could be the next generation to advance sustainable systems for water remediation.
Water remediation at minimal cost is the need of the day, as freshwater aquifers are declining at an alarming rate. To address this challenge, composite membranes is herein developed using a unique reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)‐synthesized copolymer as the active surface layer, a commercial reverse osmosis (RO) membrane serving as the support layer, and foamy molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets decorated with dithi‐magnetospheres acting as the interlayer. This strategy is adopted because the commercial RO membrane is effective toward desalination but is susceptible to fouling and biofilm. The foamy interlayer MoS2 nanosheets decorated with dithi‐magnetospheres in the composite membranes minimize the additional resistance, both in terms of flow and also facilitate reversible action toward heavy metal removal. Further, the composite membranes exhibit a 7‐log reduction in bacterial colonies for both gram‐positive and gram‐negative strains. A stringent and targeted action is also observed in terms of intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. In addition, excellent reversible antifouling with 98.5% flux retention ratio is observed. The average lead (II) removal at 50 ppm is 95.3% and the average arsenic (III) removal at 50 ppm is observed to be 96%. Thus, these membranes could be the next generation to advance sustainable systems for water remediation.
Kyoto City was taken as an example of a domestic urban area in order to estimate the actual amount of food and paper biomass found in municipal solid waste. The annual amounts of food and paper waste were measured at 222 kt-wet and 223 kt-wet, respectively. At present, most of this is processed through incineration. After evaluation of the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction effect and energy recovery ratio of the utilization system for this biomass, a biogasification (high-temperature and dry-type methane fermentation) system with gas engine (GE) power generation was found to be more beneficial than the existing system, which uses direct combustion with steam power generation and direct combustion with composting. In addition, biogasification with hydrolysis is expected to give a 27% improvement in GHG reduction effect and energy recovery ratio over the present system of combined biogasification with hyperthermal (80℃) hydrolysis technology operated by exhaust heat from a GE power plant. Futhermore, the use of biogas in fuel cells can reduce GHG emissions by up to 1.7 times compared to GE use. Diffusion of energy conversion technology with high efficiency is therefore being recommended for the reduction of GHG in Japan.
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