Spectrophotometric evaluation of the behavior of disperse red 1 dye in aqueous media and its interaction with calf thymus ds-DNA

Abstract

A espectrofotometria UV-Vis foi utilizada para medir a solubilidade do corante disperso red 1 (DR1) em soluções aquosas, com diferentes solventes e dispersantes. O corante foi quantificado em amostras de águas, e sua interação com o ds-DNA de timo de vitelo foi investigada. Os resultados mostraram que o dispersante comercial Fongranal ® FB foi adequado para a preparação das soluções aquosas do DR1. Para a determinação de DR1 em água pura, o limite de detecção foi de 2,47 × 10 -6 mol L . Porcentagens de recuperação de 91,2 e 103% foram obtidas para as concentrações de DR1 em 3,00 × 10 -6 e 40,0 × 10 -6 mol L -1 , respectivamente. As recuperações alcançadas de DR1 em água de torneira e de rio ficaram na faixa de 85,9-113%. A interação de DR1 com o DNA de timo de vitela foi acompanhada por efeitos de hipocromismo e hipercromismo, que foram relacionados à mudanças conformacionais e lesão na dupla hélice do DNA.UV-Vis spectrophotometry was used to measure the solubility of disperse red 1 (DR1) dye in aqueous solutions, using different solvents and dispersants. The dye was quantified in water samples, and its interaction with calf thymus ds-DNA was investigated. The results showed that the commercial dispersant Fongranal ® FB was suitable for the preparation of aqueous DR1 solutions. For the determination of DR1 in purified water, the limit of detection was 2.47 × 10 -6 mol L -1, and the limit of quantification was 8.22 × 10 -6 mol L -1. Percentage recoveries of 91.2 and 103% were obtained for DR1 concentrations of 3.00 × 10 -6 and 40.0 × 10 -6 mol L -1, respectively. The recoveries achieved for DR1 present in tap and river water were in the range 85.9-113%. The interaction of DR1 with calf thymus DNA was accompanied by hypochromic and hyperchromic effects, which were related to conformational changes and damage to the DNA double helix.Keywords: disperse red 1, textile dye, solubility, ds-DNA IntroductionSynthetic dyes can be defined as intensely colored substances that, when applied to a material, give it color that exhibits some degree of permanence.1 These dyes are extensively used in the textile, food processing, and leather tanning industries, as well as in paper production and agricultural products.1 The textile dyes show considerable structural diversity, and can be classified according to either the chromophore (including azo, anthraquinone, indigoid and triphenylmethyl groups) or the method of attachment to the textile fiber (direct, basic, acidic, reactive, disperse, etc.). 1,2 An estimated 700,000 to 850,000 tons of dyes are produced worldwide each year, and 26,500 tons per year are consumed in Brazil. 3,4 An amount equivalent to approximately 20-50% of the quantity of textile dyes used is released into natural waters due to losses that occur during the process of fixing the dye to the fibers.5 Dyes are potentially harmful to the environment and human health. [6][7][8][9] According to Resolution N. 357 of the National Environment Council of Brazil (CONAMA), 10 dyes derived from anthropogenic sources should...

Evaluation of the interactions of DNA with the textile dyes Disperse Orange 1 and Disperse Red 1 and their electrolysis products using an electrochemical biosensor

“…The procedure was applied for both dyes, but consistent results were only achieved for DR1, for which the calculated values for normalized I sat and K b were found to be 0.35 and 8.78 × 10 6 L mol −1 , respectively, for adenine moiety oxidation. The calculated constant value was higher than that found in spectrophotometric studies (3.11 × 10 5 L mol −1 ) [2], and similar to the reported binding constant for a toxic compound that intercalates in DNA, calculated by the same method [46]. According to Palchaudhuri and Hergenrother [47], binding constants from 10 5 to 10 11 L mol −1 result from interactions via intercalation.…”

“…6B). A more significant variation in DNA absorbance was found in our previous work [2], where DR1 was solubilized in a commercial dispersant. Analogous behavior occurred after interaction with DR1 ox (Fig.…”

“…Spectra (n = 4 for each interaction) were obtained for interaction times of up to 60 min. Considering that both dyes exhibited absorption bands in the same region as the DNA (from 220 to 285 nm), a mathematical procedure for subtracting the spectra related to the individual dye solutions (or electrolyzed dye solutions) was applied to the spectra for the mixture with the dsDNA, resulting in the spectrum of the DNA alone [2]. Fig.…”

“…Disperse dyes are non-ionic aromatic compounds that exhibit very low solubility in water and high solubility in organic solvents [1,2]. These compounds are applied to fibers such as polyester, polyurethane, polyamide, and nylon [3][4][5].…”

“…The potential DNA damage caused by azo dyes is therefore of concern from the health perspective. The interaction of compounds with DNA, and the possibility of DNA damage, can be alternatively evaluated by classical analytical techniques such as UV-vis spectroscopy [2] and electrochemical methods [22]. The latter have proved to be excellent techniques for the study of interactions of low molecular mass molecules with DNA, since changes in the electrochemical response can reflect alterations in the double stranded DNA (dsDNA) structure, including those arising from covalent or non-covalent interactions with genotoxic substances [22].…”