Risk simulation of soil contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from sewage sludge used as fertilizers

Abstract

Este trabalho investigou a presença de 16 hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) em lodo de esgoto e em solo com aplicação de lodo como fertilizante agrícola e simulou o risco de contaminação por HPAs a longo prazo. As amostras foram extraídas usando diclorometano e em seguida com n-hexano em banho ultrassônico. A limpeza do extrato foi feita em coluna de alumina. As quantificações dos HPAs foram obtidas por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a um espectrômetro de massas (GC-MS/MS ion trap). Os resultados evidenciaram que HPAs encontrados em lodos de esgoto podem apresentar risco de contaminação de solos. As simulações das concentrações dos HPAs no solo por meio de modelos matemáticos foram utilizadas para indicar uma ordem de prioridade para monitoramento da qualidade do solo: fenantreno > criseno > benzo(k)fluoranteno > benzo(a)pireno > pireno > benzo(b)fluoranteno > benzo(g,h,i)perileno > indeno (1,2,3-c,d)pireno > fluoranteno > benzo(a)antraceno > dibenzo(a,h)antraceno > fluoreno > antraceno > naftaleno > acenafteno > acenaftileno.This work investigated the presence of PAH in sewage sludge and in soil with sewage sludge applied as agricultural fertilizer and simulated a long-term risk of soil contamination by PAH. The samples were extracted using dichloromethane and then with n-hexane in ultrasonic bath. The clean-up of the extract was done on a column containing alumina. The residual PAH were obtained using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (ion trap GC-MS/MS). The results evidenced that PAH concentration levels found in sewage sludge might raise potential contamination risks to the soil. Simulations of the concentrations of PAHs in soil, by mathematical modeling, allowed to indicate a priority order for monitoring soil quality in terms of these contaminants: phenanthrene > chrysene > benzo(k)fluoranthene > benzo(a)pyrene > pyrene > benzo(b)fluoranthene > benzo(g,h,i)perylene > indeno (1,2,3-c,d)pyrene > fluoranthene > benzo(a)-anthracene > dibenzo(a,h)anthracene > fluorene > anthracene > naphthalene > acenaphthene > acenaphthylene. Keywords: sewage sludge, PAH, biosolid, ion trap GC-MS/MS, soil contamination IntroductionPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of non-polar hydrophobic organic compounds comprised of two or more fused aromatic rings.Due to their toxic, mutagenic, estrogenic, and/or carcinogenic properties, sixteen PAH compounds have been identified as pollutants by the US-EPA 1 and seven of them are considered carcinogenic. 2 For this reason, these organic pollutants are considered the most toxic to aquatic and terrestrial life and of high priority in environmental studies: acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b) fluoranthene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, fluoranthene, fluorene, indeno (1,2,3-c,d) Paraíba et al. 1157 Vol. 22, No. 6, 2011 grilled followed by flame-gas and oven grilled dishes. Kulhánek et al. 7 used models, statistical regressions and the PAH bioc...

Achilles heel of environmental risk from recycling of sludge to soil as amendment: A summary in recent ten years (2007–2016)

“…StanczykMazanek et al (2009) stated that sludge is a significant source of PAHs in amended soil, and they found that the PAH content of soil increased as the sludge dose increased but that the PAH contents of plants grown in soil amended with sludge did not increase as the sludge dose increased. Ecological risk assessments have shown that the PAH concentrations that have been found in sludge pose clear risks to soil ecosystems amended with sludge (Ning et al, 2014;Paraiba et al, 2011).…”

Producción, postproducción y agrotecnias de semillas, hortalizas y frutas. Coadyuvantes en la seguridad alimentaria en México y Cuba

“…Pueden provenir de diversas fuentes, como por ejemplo: agua de riego; residuos orgánicos parcialmente descompuestos (composta, basura orgánica, abonos), que se aplican frecuentemente debido a su bajo costo (Eaton et al, 2007); fertilizantes inorgánicos, plaguicidas, lodos residuales de origen municipal o industrial que pueden, por un lado, inhibir a la microbiota edáfica (Shivakumar et al, 2011) y, con ello, alterar procesos como la mineralización de materia orgánica y del aporte de nutrimentos a las plantas y, por otro lado, pueden ser absorbidos por las plantas y causar fitotoxicidad, o ser transferidos a la cadena alimentaria (Paraíba et al, 2011). …”

GC-MS/MS Method for Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Herbal Medicines

“…Analyses of PAHs have been conducted in many areas, such as air [13], soil [14,15], sediment [16], sludgy [17], river and wastewater [18][19][20], smoke products [21,22], cosmetic products [23] and foods [24][25][26][27][28][29]. Recently, various analytical methods of PAHs for herbal medicines characterized by diverse matrices have been reported as follows.…”