Factorial experimental design optimization of solid phase microextraction (SPME) conditions for analysis of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in bottled water

Abstract

BHT é um antioxidante usado como aditivo em alguns alimentos e em plásticos de embalagens, e sua presença em água mineral engarrafada é possível devido à migração do aditivo contido nas paredes do recipiente. Planejamento fatorial foi empregado para determinar os valores ótimos para os parâmetros operacionais principais na análise de hidroxitolueno butilado (BHT) em água engarrafada usando microextração em fase sólida (SPME) direta e em headspace na etapa de pré-concentração. Os parâmetros otimizados foram pH, temperatura e força iônica da amostra. A separação, detecção e quantificação dos extratos foi efetuada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas. Experimentos preliminares foram realizados para selecionar a melhor fibra para o procedimento de extração. Fibras de polidimethilsiloxano (PDMS) foram selecionadas, e a metodologia otimizada aplicada com sucesso na extração e quantificação de BHT em amostras reais de água mineral e mineralizada engarrafada.BHT is an antioxidant utilized as additive in some foods and in packaging plastics, and its presence in bottled mineral water is possible due to its migration from bottle walls to the contents. A factorial experimental design was utilized to obtain the optimum values for the main operational parameters in the analysis of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in bottled water using headspace and direct solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in the pre-concentration step. The parameters optimized were sample pH, temperature and ionic strength. The separation, detection and quantitation of the extracts were performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Preliminary experiments were made to select the best fiber for the extraction procedure. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fibers were selected, and the optimized methodology was successfully applied to the extraction and quantitation of BHT in real samples of mineral and mineralized bottled water.

Chemical compounds and toxicological assessments of drinking water stored in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles: A source of controversy reviewed

“…Concerning the occurrence of BHT in PET-bottled water, Tombesi and Freije (2002) found quantifiable amounts of this compound in 5 of 15 samples of PET-bottled water with concentrations ranging between 21.5 -38.0 µg/L. Later on, the same research group Tombesi et al (2004) detected BHT in three samples of bottled water but concentrations were ten times lower than in the first studies. The authors claimed that the amounts measured do not exceed the levels recommended by the European Union standards for total phenols in drinking water.…”

Screening of Polymer Additives in Drinking Water Stored in PET Bottles by UHPLC-ESI-IT-TOF MS

“…BHT is a phenolic antioxidant used as a thermostabilizer for Polyethylene (PE), Polypropilene (PP), polyesters and PVC [17]. In a previous study, BHT amounts ranging from 21 mg/L to 38 mg/L were found in PET-bottled water [18]. In a further study, only BHT was found in glass-bottled water (2.5 mg/L) which means the origin of this compound is the PE bottle caps [19].…”

Gas chromatographic analysis of alcohols in blood with a chemometric approach

“…Response surface methodology (RSM), which consists of mathematical and statistical techniques, is useful in the modeling and analysis of the processes. 21,22 So far a very limited number of studies including a chemometric approach have been encountered for the determination of blood alcohol levels in the literature. 4,23 A recent study has been performed by Kristoffersen et al in which a factorial design was applied to study the effects of blood storage and headspace conditions on ethanol stability and acetaldehyde formation in whole blood and plasma.…”