A América Latina na crise mundial

Abstract

A S EVERYONE knows, the global crisis originated with the burst of the real estate bubble in the United States. The bubble was provoked by the competitive supply of credit to an increasing number of housing buyers, generating a continuous rise in demand for real estate, the prices for which grew nonstop for fi ve years. The rise in prices re-fueled the bubble causing it to affect the entire economy. The new owners used the increased value of their assets, which served as a guarantee, to take on more loans, originating additional spending that transferred the high prices to other economic sectors. The increased demand for more consumption even reached imported products, causing the effects of the U.S. real estate bubble to spread throughout the world.This spread was only possible because of the large infl uence of the United States in the world economy and the extent of commercial and fi nancial globalization in recent years. The successive rounds of commercial liberalization culminated in the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the approval of treaties that in principle impose free trade on all nations. It is clear that the power of the WTO to enforce obedience to its resolutions is very unequal, being quite limited in relation to First World countries, which continue to protect and support their agriculture, but crushing in relation to smaller and poorer countries, which in general are very dependent on foreign commerce and foreign capital.The commercial and fi nancial integration of the Third World to the U.S., European, and Japanese economies resulted in a clear strengthening of the capitalist class in relation to the proletariat within these countries, because free trade and the free circulation of capital between the national economies allows transnational companies to shift their companies to countries in which the cost of labor is lower, leaving behind sad pockets of poverty and unemployment and a weakened labor movement, incapable of integrally defending its economic, social and political conquests. This change in relation of forces between classes was felt in all the industrialized countries and also expressed in the sharpening of inequality between the large transnationals and smaller companies, which operate only in domestic markets.

Capital structure management differences in Latin American and US firms after 2008 crisis

“…The financial crisis of 2008 led global economy into recession in 2009, the worst since the 1929 crisis (Carvalhal and Leal, 2013; Vidal et al , 2011). The crisis effects were transmitted from developed economies to emerging economies (Carvalhal and Leal, 2013; Singer, 2009). In Latin America, the crisis brought changes in external economic conditions, such as reducing foreign borrowing, significant capital flights as well as strong reduction in foreign direct investments and decline in commodities prices (Caprio et al , 2014; Dang et al , 2014).…”

“…In Latin America, the crisis brought changes in external economic conditions, such as reducing foreign borrowing, significant capital flights as well as strong reduction in foreign direct investments and decline in commodities prices (Caprio et al , 2014; Dang et al , 2014). According to Singer (2009), medium and large size countries under a certain industrialization level, such as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, were affected by the crisis in a similar way with capital flight, foreign credit reduction and decrease in exports.…”

Untitled

“…Con la crisis mundial derivada de la burbuja inmobiliaria de los Estados Unidos, en el año 2008, países latinoamericanos sufrieron la baja de las exportaciones y del crédito externo, aumento de la tasa interés, retracción del mercado interno, baja de la producción y consecuente aumento del desempleo (Singer, 2009). Ante de esa coyuntura, enfrentaron la tarea difícil de promover el crecimiento económico y social.…”

Estudio de la aplicación del método estándar del Marpor para el posicionamiento ideológico de partidos argentinos, brasileños y chilenos en campañas presidenciales.

“…Con la crisis mundial derivada de la burbuja inmobiliaria de los Estados Unidos, en el año 2008, países latinoamericanos sufrieron la baja de las exportaciones y del crédito externo, aumento de la tasa interés, retracción del mercado interno, baja de la producción y consecuente aumento del desempleo (Singer, 2009). Ante de esa coyuntura, enfrentaron la tarea difícil de promover el crecimiento económico y social.…”