Reforma e crise do setor elétrico no período FHC

Abstract

Este artigo aborda a reforma do setor elétrico brasileiro efetuada durante o governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Inicialmente, faz um rápido resumo da organização, do funcionamento e das dificuldades do setor antes da posse do presidente FHC. Descreve as principais linhas da proposta do governo e as críticas e alternativas ao modelo escolhido. Mostra, ainda, como a opção por uma rápida e profunda reforma do setor elétrico, calcada em experiências liberais de outros países, provocou uma grande desorganização na sua coordenação e planejamento. Essa situação foi agravada pela política econômica do governo, em particular, pela política cambial e pela restrição de investimentos das estatais. Como conseqüência, deu-se o racionamento de energia, o aumento de custos para os consumidores e um legado de empresas elétricas endividadas e dependentes do erário público.<br>This paper analyzes the reforms that took place in the Brazilian electrical sector during Fernando Henrique Cardoso's government. Firstly, it presents a summary of the organization, functioning and difficulties encountered by the sector prior to his inauguration. It describes the main governmental proposals and the criticisms and alternatives to the chosen model. It shows how the option for a rapid and profound reform of the electricity system, based on liberal experiences in other countries caused great disruption on coordination and planning. This situation was worsened by the governmental economic policy, especially by its monetary exchange policy and by the restriction on investments of the state owned companies. This resulted in a rationing of energy, a heavy rate increase for consumers and a legacy of indebted electrical companies depending on public money

An overview of forest loss and restoration in the Brazilian Amazon

“…This program fostered the largest (900,000 km 2 ) mineral extraction project ever implemented in tropical forests worldwide-The Great Carajas Project (Projeto Carajás Grande-PGC) (Mesquita 2015). The 3rd PND was established in 1979 with the same focus of "integration and occupation" motto coupled with expanding exports aiming at minimizing foreign debt related to the second oil crisis (Goldenberg and Prado 2003). By this time, the Polonoroeste (The Northwest Brazil Integrated Development Program-Programa de Desenvolvimento Integrado do Noroeste do Brasil) was implemented in the Amazon in 1981.…”

Blaming the Weather, Blaming the People: Socio-Environmental Governance and a Crisis Attitude in the Brazilian Electricity Sector

“…The new electricity crisis prompted more sector reforms, this time inspired not by a national developmentalist ideal, but by a global movement of retracting state intervention (GOLDENBERG and PRADO, 2003;LANDI, 2006). In 1988, the privatization of public services was authorized x and in 1990 the National Plan of Privatization was approved.…”

The stochastic effects on the Brazilian Electrical Sector

“…The authors Goldemberg and Prado (2003), highlight that the failure of the electrical sector reform (free market model) was attributed not only to the lack of external resources or the political resistance encountered by the government but also to failures in strategic management, coordination and planning of the electrical system, which was induced by the adoption of a reform that was grounded in the experiences of other countries and inappropriate for Brazil and its predominantly hydroelectric system.…”