Eventos estressantes, estratégias de enfrentamento, auto-eficácia e sintomas depressivos entre idosos residentes na comunidade

Abstract

ResumoForam investigadas relações entre eventos de vida estressantes, estratégias de enfrentamento, auto-eficácia no enfrentamento e depressão em 544 participantes de um estudo sobre envelhecimento bem-sucedido com idosos residentes na comunidade (74,6% mulheres; idade = 72,11, + 8.29; 42,1% de 60 a 69 anos; 39%, de 70 a 79 e 18,9%, 80 a 99). Os eventos estressantes foram classificados nas categorias finitude, problemas dos filhos, cuidado, crise e bem-estar psicológico. As estratégias de enfrentamento geraram cinco fatores: emoções negativas, controle ambiental, religiosidade, esquiva, inibição das emoções. Auto-eficácia no enfrentamento foi avaliada como adequada x inadequada. Na CES-D, o escore médio foi 10.24 (+8.66), para nota de corte >11, e a prevalência 32%. Maior risco para depressão foi associado a emoções negativas, eventos incontroláveis, ter de 60 a 69 anos e avaliar a auto-eficácia como inadequada. Os eventos estressantes foram menos preditivos de depressão do que a avaliação cognitiva e o enfrentamento. Palavras-chave: Eventos de vida estressantes; enfrentamento; auto-eficácia; depressão; idosos. AbstractThe relationship among stressful life events, coping strategies, self-efficacy in coping and depression in 544 participants of a study on successful aging involving elderly who reside in the community was assessed (74,6% women; age = 72.11; + 8.29; 42,1% age 60-69; 39% 70-79 and 18,9% 80-99). Stressful life events were classified into categories related to: finitude, problems concerning offspring, care, crisis and psychological well-being. Coping strategies generated five factors: negative emotions, environment control, religiosity, avoidance behaviors, and emotional inhibition. Self-efficacy of coping was evaluated between appropriate versus inappropriate. Mean score of depression assessed through CES-D was 10.24, + 8,66); prevalence was 32% to a cut-off score >11. Major risk for depression was associated with negative emotions, uncontrollable events, age 60-69 and inappropiate self-efficacy of coping. The stressful life events seemed less predictive of depression than the cognitive assessment and the coping did. Keywords: Stressful life events; coping; self-efficacy; depression; elderly.As mudanças que acontecem ao longo das trajetórias de envelhecimento e desenvolvimento podem ser analisadas em termos de suas relações com eventos de vida, que oferecem oportunidades para que elas ocorram. Eventos de vida são, assim, fatos de origem biológica, psicológica, social, sócio-cultural e ecológica que ocorrem ao longo da vida dos indivíduos e que organizam a sua experiência de desenvolvimento. Marcam a trajetória das pessoas, a passagem de um status evolutivo para outro, a passagem do tempo individual e do tempo histórico, o alcance de metas e o cumprimento de expectativas individuais e sociais. Eles orientam a personalidade rumo ao enfrentamento, pois são situações que, de alguma forma, desafiam o ajustamento biológico, social e psicológico (Aldwin & Gilmer, 2004;Davies, 1996).A ocorrência de eventos e...

Prevalência e fatores associados ao indicativo de depressão entre idosos residentes na zona rural

“…Notably, worrying about children and grandchildren, taking care of another adult and managing events that threatened, to a certain extent, their own well-being were relevant characteristics among the people in this age group who presented a symptomatic depressive condition (18) . From this perspective, health professionals should offer support to elders who are experiencing familiar or personal difficulties.…”

O senso de auto-eficácia na manutenção de comportamentos promotores de saúde de idosos

“…During the collection of data for this study, whereas some reported to feel privileged, happy and grateful for their lives and highlighted simple moments of the daily life that contributed to it, as shown in the last speech, others also mentioned several losses and important problems they had, which, however, did not stop them from having a positive attitude, suggesting they keep an adaptive potential in the old age (11) . The statement of E67 (woman, 81 years old) suggests that this happens due to the control of their thoughts through the positive sense of self-efficacy of these individuals (9) : For E67, believing that she can face the difficulties of life successfully allows her to use her coping capability in face of adverse situations.…”

“…The construction of this positive attitude resulted from the life journey of these individuals (11) , being associated to the perception of happiness, as the following speech shows:…”

“…The statement of E67 (woman, 81 years old) suggests that this happens due to the control of their thoughts through the positive sense of self-efficacy of these individuals (9) : For E67, believing that she can face the difficulties of life successfully allows her to use her coping capability in face of adverse situations. In other words, in these cases, the positive sense of self-efficacy influences the attitude and the coping behavior (12) , because even in face of anxiety and sad feelings, generally present in these situations, the individual is able to control them and, therefore, minimize them, which may also reduce the risk of depression, since depressed older adults have low sense of self-efficacy (11) . Besides, the exercised control will reinforce the positive sense of efficacy, thus, there will be more possibilities of success.…”

Characteristics associated with activity restriction induced by fear of falling in community-dwelling elderly

“…Additionally, the presence of depressive symptoms seems to modulate the factors that are associated with activity restriction due to fear of falling 11 . A greater risk for depression has been associated with inadequate evaluation of coping self-efficacy in stressful events of life 38 . It is worth noting that the participants of the present study who restricted activities by FOF showed lower self-efficacy in relation to the other participants.…”