In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of red clover Trifolium pratense dry extract

Abstract

Red clover Trifolium pratense L., Fabaceae, contains four isoflavones, mainly formononetin and biochanin A, and in smaller concentrations, daidzein and genistein. These compounds have gained a lot interest due to its human health benefits, such as estrogenic and progestogenic activities, antioxidant, anti-cancer and others. The objective of this study was to determine in vivo and in vitro antiinflammatory activity of red clover dry extract. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was assayed by the technique using the Boyden chamber method, evaluating the leukocyte migration inhibition (chemotaxis). The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was tested by a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test. The results of anti-inflammatory in vitro test showed that there was a significant inhibition of leukocyte migration at the concentrations of 100, 50, 25, 10 and 5 µg/mL of red clover dry extract, these doses resulted in 94. 73, 95.39, 94.73, 84.68 and 78.75% of inhibition for each dose, respectively. The anti-inflammatory in vivo test resulted in a significant activity in both tested doses (100 and 50 mg/kg of red clover dry extract) and at each tested time. The average percentage of edema inhibition was 63.37%. The findings of this study suggested that red clover extract might be suitable for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Histomorphometric evaluation of the effects of local application of red cloveroil (trifolium pratense) on bone healing in rats

“…Red clover contains at least 9 isoflavones including formononetin, biochanin a (glycosides), daidzein and genistein (aglycones) which promote the formation of bone. (12) Cellular processes stimulated include chemotaxis, mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation, angiogenesis, and synthesis of extracellular matrix, although different isoflavones compounds are closely related structurally and functionally. (13) Portrayal of the recovered bone tissue is regularly performed by histological assessment with light microscopy, following standard recoloring of the example.…”

In vitro isoflavonoid production and analysis in natural tetraploid Trifolium pratense (red clover) calluses

“…In addition to being a good fodder plant, it has medical importance because of its phytoestrogens (isoflavones) content (Cornwell et al, 2004;Dixon, 2004;Geller & Studee 2006;Baber, 2010;Ramos et al, 2011). T. pratense is agricultured widely in Europe, North America and it grows naturally in Southeastern Europe and Anatolia.…”

Optimal red clover ethanolic extract by relative aggregated metric increases osteoblastic activity and nuclear factor kappa-B ligand gene expression in SaOS-2 cells

“…Their HPLC analysis identified formononetin and biochanin A as the major free isoflavonoids in the crude chloroform extract (Wende et al 2004). Besides, Ramos et al (2012) also reported that high levels of formononetin and biochanin A were found in red clover ethanolic extract which displayed in vitro anti-inflammatory activity in rats. A recent research has evaluated the interaction of the RANKL with pairs of formononetin and biochanin A.…”