Breastfeeding up to two years of age or beyond and its influence on child growth and development: a systematic review

Delgado, C Alfredo; Matijasevich, Alícia

doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2013000200012

Cited by 27 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The difference is quite large, and possibly because our study chose working mothers as a sample. However, the result was consistent with a review study of worldwide BF practices which showed 33.0 percent of the children were breastfed until two years old and the practice was increasing in South Asian regions [11].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Assessing the level of knowledge and practice of breastfeeding among factory working mothers in Kathmandu, Nepal

Sharma

Khadka

2019

JHR

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Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to assess the level of knowledge and practice of breastfeeding among factory working mothers in Kathmandu who had a minimum of one child of less than two years of age. Design/methodology/approach -A cross-sectional survey, with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire, was completed. χ 2 or Fisher exact tests were applied for analysis using the SPSS program. Findings -In total, 36.0 percent of the mothers had adequate knowledge, and 40.0 percent had an appropriate practice of breastfeeding (BF). Also, 30 percent of them were supplementing their BF with additional milk and 54.0 percent began to give additional food at less than six months of age, mainly due to insufficient breast milk. However, 40.0 percent of mothers practiced exclusive BF; 34.0 percent of mothers continued BF until their child reached two years of age. BF was initiated within an hour by 64.0 percent of mothers. Regarding knowledge, the majority of them (82 percent) knew about initiation time of the feed, 64.0 percent of mothers knew that breast milk had positive effects on a child's health while 48.0 percent knew that it also had good effects on the mothers' health. There was a positive association between available facilities and BF knowledge levels ( p-value o0.00, χ 2 ¼ 4.25, df ¼ 1). The associations of knowledge levels against the education status of mothers ( p-value ¼ 0.11, χ 2 ¼ 2.59, df ¼ 1) and practice level of initiation of breast milk ( p-value ¼ 0.96, χ 2 ¼ 0.02, df ¼ 1) were not significant. Originality/value -The knowledge and practices of BF among factory working mothers are not satisfactory. Hence, an effective way to encourage BF is to increase the availability of facilities for the practice of BF at a mother's workplace.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Assessing the level of knowledge and practice of breastfeeding among factory working mothers in Kathmandu, Nepal

Sharma

Khadka

2019

JHR

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“…Increasing trends toward breastfeeding for 24 months or more were observed in the past decade, especially in South Asia (Breastfeeding Promotion Network of India (BPNI), & International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN) , ). The prevalence of breastfeeding for 24 months or more found in the present study was below the combined prevalence reported in a systematic review undertaken to identify studies describing the world prevalence of breastfeeding for 2 years or more (Delgado & Matijasevich, ). The combined prevalence based on the 11 studies evaluated, was 33% (95% CI: 0.23–0.42).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 85%

“…However, other authors found no association between breastfeeding duration and mental health problems at 6 years (Kramer et al., ; Lind, Li, Perrine, & Schieve, ), or criminal behaviors by age 25 years (Caicedo, Goncalves, Gonzalez, & Victora, ). Regarding child development, a systematic review found two studies that assessed the association between prolonged breastfeeding, breastfeeding beyond the age of 23 months, and child development (Delgado & Matijasevich, ). These two studies did not report any impact (positive or detrimental) of breastfeeding for 2 years or more on child development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged breastfeeding for 24 months or more and mental health at 6 years of age: evidence from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study, Brazil

Delgado

Munhoz

Santos

et al. 2017

Child Adoles Ment Health

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Background: There is scarce and conflicting evidence on medium-to long-term effects of prolonged breastfeeding on child behavior. Method: A population-based birth cohort study started in 2004 in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Children were followed up at 3, 12, 24, and 48 months and 6 years of age. Breastfeeding duration was determined based on information collected around the time of weaning. Psychiatric disorders were assessed using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA). Children who were never breastfed were excluded from the analysis. Crude and adjusted analyses were performed using Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: Data on breastfeeding and mental health at the age of 6 years were available for 3377 children. Prevalence of breastfeeding for 24-35 months and ≥36 months was 16.1% (95% CI: 14.8-17.3) and 8.1% (95% CI: 7.2-9.1), respectively. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among those who were breastfed for <24 months, 24-35 months and ≥36 months was 12.4% (95% CI: 11.1-13.7), 13.1% (95% CI: 10.4-16.2) and 12.3% (95% CI: 8.7-16.8), respectively. No association was found between breastfeeding for 24 months or more and psychiatric disorders among children aged 6 years both in the crude and adjusted analyses. Conclusions: In this cohort there was no association between breastfeeding for 24 months or more and an increased prevalence of psychiatric disorders at the age of 6 years. Studies analyzing the medium-and longterm effects of prolonged breastfeeding for 2 years or more are scarce and further research is needed regarding this practice. Key Practitioner Message• Breastfeeding for ≥24 months is not associated with increased rates of psychiatric disorders at the age of 6 years.• Prolonged breastfeeding is associated with neurodevelopmental and mental health advantages. • These findings strongly support the WHO recommendation to maintain breastfeeding for 2 years or more.

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“…Setelah usia 6 bulan balita mulai bisa diperkenalkan makanan lain selain ASI, namun WHO merekomendasikan untuk tetap memberikan ASI setelah 6 bulan hingga usia 2 tahun. ASI yang diberikan hingga usia 2 tahun atau lebih bisa digunakan sebagai salah satu strategi potensial untuk memberikan perlindungan pada balita karena pada kenyataannya ASI tetap menjadi sumber kekebalan tubuh, nutrisi dan mikronutrien bagi balita 26 .…”

Section: Hasil Dan Pembahasanunclassified

Perbedaan Praktik Pemberian Makan Dan Status Ketahanan Pangan Rumah Tangga Pada Balita Status Gizi Kurang Dan Normal

Nafadza

Buanasita²,

Nindya

2019

AMNT

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ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Gizi kurang adalah masalah gizi pada balita yang disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor. Faktor yang secara langsung berhubungan dengan status gizi adalah asupan zat gizi dan riwayat penyakit infeksi. Sementara itu, faktor tidak langsung yang mempengaruhi diantaranya praktik pemberian makan, status ketahanan pangan rumah tangga dan kesehatan lingkungan. Tujuan: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis perbedaan praktik pemberian makan dan status ketahanan pangan rumah tangga pada balita status gizi kurang dan normal. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain cross sectional. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 80 balita usia 6-24 bulan di Kelurahan Tanah Kali Kedinding Kota Surabaya dengan masing-masing balita gizi kurang dan normal berjumlah 40 balita. Pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan metode wawancara dengan kuesioner, FFQ dan recall 24 jam untuk praktik pemberian makan serta US-HSFFM (United State of Household Food Security Survey Module) untuk ketahanan pangan rumah tangga. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil: Praktik pemberian makan yang baik pada balita gizi normal sebesar 15% sedangkan pada balita gizi kurang sebesar 7,5%. Balita gizi normal yang berasal dari keluarga tahan pangan yaitu 62,5% sedangkan gizi kurang yaitu 32,5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan praktik pemberian makan (p=0,032) dan status ketahanan pangan rumah tangga (p=0,012) pada balita status gizi kurang dan normal. Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan praktik pemberian makan dimana balita dengan status gizi normal mendapatkan pemberian makan yang lebih baik apabila dibandingkan dengan balita gizi kurang. Terdapat perbedaan status ketahanan pangan rumah tangga, balita dengan status gizi normal lebih banyak berasal dari rumah tangga tahan pangan.Kata Kunci: gizi kurang, praktik pemberian makan, status ketahanan pangan rumah tangga ABSTRACT Background: Underweight is a problem caused by many factors, factors that directly affect nutritional status are nutritional intake and infectious disease. Meanwhile, indirect factors that affecting nutritional status is feeding practices, household food security and environmental health. Objectives: The objective of this study was to analyze the differences of feeding practice and household food security between toddlers with underweigt and normal nutritional status. Methods: The research was an observational analytic with cross sectional design. The sample was 80 toddlers from 6-24 months in Tanah Kali Kedinding Sub-District, Surabaya. They are consist of 40 normal and 40 underweight toddlers. Data was collected by interview using questionnaire, FFQ, recall 24 hours and US-HSFFM for household food security. Data were analyzed by using Mann-Whitney Test. Results: Good feeding practice for normal toddlers was 15% while for underweight toddlers was 7.5%. Toddlers with normal nutritional status come from secure household was 65.5% while underweight toddlers was 32.5%. The result found there was a difference of feedin...

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Breastfeeding up to two years of age or beyond and its influence on child growth and development: a systematic review

Cited by 27 publications

References 43 publications

Assessing the level of knowledge and practice of breastfeeding among factory working mothers in Kathmandu, Nepal

Assessing the level of knowledge and practice of breastfeeding among factory working mothers in Kathmandu, Nepal

Prolonged breastfeeding for 24 months or more and mental health at 6 years of age: evidence from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study, Brazil

Perbedaan Praktik Pemberian Makan Dan Status Ketahanan Pangan Rumah Tangga Pada Balita Status Gizi Kurang Dan Normal

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