Forum: geographic spread and urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Postscript: new challenges in the epidemiology of Leishmania chagasi infection

Nascimento, Eliana L.; Martins, Daniella Regina Arantes; Monteiro, Gloria Regina de Góis; Barbosa, James D.; Ximenes, M.F.F.M.; Maciel, Bruna Leal Lima; Duarte, Iraci; Jerônimo, Selma M. B.

doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2008001200028

Cited by 30 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…Historically, VL originates from rural environments where epidemiological patterns facilitate the circulation of the agent. However, the urbanization of this disease is a fact observed in many Brazilian states, where control is seen as more complex (NASCIMENTO et al, 2008). The elevated prevalence determined in dogs from urban neighborhoods confirms the urbanization trend of VL in Cuiabá.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Canine visceral leishmaniasis: seroprevalence and risk factors in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil

Almeida

Sousa

Cruz

et al. 2012

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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In Brazil, canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is endemic and the number of cases in humans and dogs has increased in the Midwest region. A transversal study was carried out in endemic areas from Cuiabá, State of Mato Grosso, to assess data on seroprevalence and risk factors associated to canine infection. Four hundred and thirty (430) dogs were randomly evaluated through indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) considering variables related to the animals, the environment and the knowledge by owners on CVL aspects and control. From 430 dogs, 95 (22.1%) were seroreagent for leishmaniasis and animals living in rural environments present risk 1.9 times higher for acquiring the disease than those in urban environments (p = 0.01; OR 1.9). Factors related to animals' habits, such as free access to the street and guard function were considered indicators to predict infection by Leishmania sp. (p < 0.05) by statistical univariate analysis. The presence of agricultural activities was also a fact that contributed for the insurgence of the infection (p = 0.02; OR 1.68). The results contributed to the knowledge on the aspects of CVL in Cuiabá and point to an urgent need to include educational and sanitary programs in the city, since the region presents favorable characteristics for spreading the infection of CVL as already observed in other Brazilian cities.Keywords: Canine visceral leishmaniasis, dogs, risk factors, infection, Brazil. ResumoNo Brasil, a leishmaniose visceral canina (CLV) é endêmica e, na região Centro-Oeste, o número de casos em humanos e cães tem aumentado. Um estudo transversal foi realizado em áreas endêmicas de Cuiabá (MT) com objetivo de avaliar dados sobre a soroprevalência e determinar os fatores de risco associados à infecção canina. Quatrocentos e trinta (430) cães foram aleatoriamente avaliados pelo teste de imunofluorescência indireta, considerando-se variáveis relacionadas aos animais, o ambiente e o conhecimento por parte dos proprietários sobre aspectos da CLV e seu controle. Dos 430 cães, 95 (22,1%) apresentaram-se soros reagentes para leishmaniose, e os animais que viviam em ambiente rural apresentaram risco 1,9 vezes maior de adquirir a infecção dos que aqueles em ambiente urbano (p = 0,01; OR 1,9). Fatores relacionados aos hábitos dos animais, tais como o livre acesso à rua e função de guarda, foram considerados indicadores para prever a infecção por Leishmania sp. (p < 0,05) em análise estatística univariada. A presença de atividade agrícola foi também um fato que contribuiu para a ocorrência da infecção (p = 0,02; OR 1,68). Os resultados contribuem para o conhecimento sobre os aspectos da CVL em Cuiabá e apontam para uma necessidade urgente de incluir ações educativas e sanitárias na cidade, já que a região possui características favoráveis para a dispersão da doença como já observado em outras cidades.Palavras-chave: Leishmaniose visceral canina, cães, fatores de risco, infecção, Brasil.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Canine visceral leishmaniasis: seroprevalence and risk factors in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil

Almeida

Sousa

Cruz

et al. 2012

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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“…VL, also known as kala-azar, is an important zoonosis in Brazil 4 . L. chagasi is the agent responsible for more than 2300 clinical cases of HVL in Brazil every year 2,5 , and the prevalence of CVL in endemic areas has been shown to be between 1.9 and 25% 3,6 .…”

Section: Palavras-chavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence and risk factors for canine visceral leishmaniasis in the endemic area of Dias D'Ávila, State of Bahia, Brazil

Oliveira

Araújo

Alves

et al. 2010

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Introduction: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important zoonosis in relation to public health systems. Dogs are the main domestic reservoir. This study aimed to investigate occurrences of canine VL in Dias D' Ávila, State of Bahia, Brazil. Methods: The prevalence was evaluated by means of clinical and laboratory tests on a population of 312 domestic dogs from 23 localities in this municipality, using indirect immunofluorescence and immunoenzymatic assays. Results: Among the animals examined, 3.2% and 6.7% showed signs of VL, confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoenzymatic assays, respectively, with a distribution of 29.9% (24 dogs) in the rural zone and 4.9% (288 dogs) in the urban zone (p = 0.001). The clinical evaluation on seropositive dogs showed both asymptomatic animals (2.4%) and symptomatic animals (47.6%), along with other abnormalities (e.g. normocytic and normochromic anemia, with leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia). Observations relating to phenotypic characteristics (e.g. sex, age, breed and hair) did not present statistical significance, although high seropositivity among male, short-haired and mixed-breed dogs was observed. Conclusions: The findings showed that VL was a predominantly rural zoonosis and that close contact between poultry and domestic dogs significantly increased the risk of canine infection in this region.

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“…Costa 19 presents several arguments on the potential mechanisms underlying this process. Finally, Nascimento et al 20 , in the Postscript, analyze the theme based on studies in the State of Rio Grande do Norte and the reflections raised in the articles. …”

Section: The Geographic Spread and Urbanization Of Visceral Leishmanimentioning

confidence: 99%

Forum: geographic spread and urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Introduction

Werneck

2008

Cad. Saúde Pública

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The geographic spread and urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil has been described since the early 1980s. However, the putative factors associated with this process, its full characterization, and the implications for disease control still challenge researchers and Public Health professionals. Although the available data show that the disease occurs mainly in urban areas, current knowledge is insufficient to claim specificity in urban transmission as compared to rural niches. Transmission scenarios in urban settings appear to be highly heterogeneous, each showing some degree of similarity to the rural epidemiological pattern. The understanding of a relatively recent and complex problem like the introduction, spread, and maintenance of visceral leishmaniasis in urban areas requires new analytical approaches that consider the network of relevant variables and more elaborate methods capable of capturing the dynamics of the environmental and demographic transformations taking place in transmission areas.

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Forum: geographic spread and urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Postscript: new challenges in the epidemiology of Leishmania chagasi infection

Cited by 30 publications

References 27 publications

Canine visceral leishmaniasis: seroprevalence and risk factors in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil

Canine visceral leishmaniasis: seroprevalence and risk factors in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil

Seroprevalence and risk factors for canine visceral leishmaniasis in the endemic area of Dias D'Ávila, State of Bahia, Brazil

Forum: geographic spread and urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Introduction

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